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E! l|B"XXXX'3XXXX3' >~"RRh :H R RRKRMR+ `kR"h%(-`146F89%:=z?BDFRGH"(JRzJ?MRMRMR5N:QORIUW74[\_bcRdRTdIeReuh&6k'nq(-rtwM xR_xqz8|F)S| 9/3n^zћb3ܟn^̨x9˯6ʹRRqRõR5J8*b=tM`;QR]N'R$CRRR9M~R/RglHLWPC ( (2  I  .3  InteractingwithRiverForecastCenters....2  1  .3  Section9.0oftheHydrologicProgramManagersCourse( (2  I  .3  InteractingwithRiverForecastCenters..2  A  .3  WFOsneedtounderstandtheoperationsandneedsoftheRFCtobeabletoeffectivelycoordinate..2  A  .3  RFCsmustalsounderstandtheneedsandoperationsoftheWFO") "2  I  .3  ")  "2  I  .3  (  (2  I  .3  WFOResponsibilities..2  A  .3  ProgramManagement-EnsureactivitiesattheWFOareaccomplishedtosupporttheprogram-UnderthedirectionoftheMIC..2  A  .3  DataCollection-IncludesqualitycontroltoensurethattheRFCandotherpartsoftheagencygetgood,highqualitydata..2  A  .3  ProductDissemination-Productsmustbeprovidedtocooperatorsquicklyandefficientlysotheycantakeappropriateactions(  (2  I  .3  RFCResponsibilities..2  A  .3  DataInput-Getsdataintohydrologicmodelsandperformsqualitycontrol..2  A  .3  ModelRuns-Executedhydrologicmodelstosimulatehydrologiccycle..2  A  .3  ModelInterpretation-Basedonhydrologicknowledge,adjustsmodeloutput..2  A  .3  ProductPreparation-PreparesproductsandtransmitstotheWFO..2  A  .3  Modelcalibrationandproceduredevelopment")  "2  I  .3  (U(2  I  .3  DifferencesBetweenRFCsandWFOs..2  A  .3  RFCsmustprovideservicesandforecaststoasmanyas20WFOsandoperatelikeanationalcenter..2  A  .3  MostRFCshaveaoperationsarea..2  A  .3  EachRFCforecasterhasacubicle..2  A  .3  RFCforecastersworkonbothforecastoperationsandproceduredevelopmentprojects..2  A  .3  RFCscontrolalloftheirmodelinputsandthehydrologydefinedintheirmodel"!V "2  I  .3  "!W "2  I  .3  "!Y "2  I  .3  !  2  I  .3  ##2  I  .3  DifferencesBetweenRFCsandWFOs-Contd..2  A  .3  ALLmodelparametersdevelopedbyRFCs..2  A  .3  Ingeneral,onehydrologistisresponsibleforparametersdevelopmentforariversystem..2  A  .3  EachforecastermustbeknowledgableandabletoforecastanyriversystemintheRFCarea..2  A  .3  Dailyassignmentstoforecastariversystemmadebasedonexpertise,etc..2  A  .3  ALLdataqualitycontroldonelocallyattheRFC-nocentralsitetoaccomplishthis..2  A  .3  ModelsarerunlocallyonAWIPS"!X "2  I  .3  (   (2  I  .3  NationalWeatherServiceRiverForecastSystem-NWSRFS..2  A  .3  Developmentstartedinthe1970s..2  A  .3  OriginallyinFortrantorunonamainframe..2  A  .3  PortedtorunonIBMs,thenHps,andAWIPS..2  A  .3  Newercodeincorc++totakeadvantageofhardwareandbeinteractive..2  A  .3  Hydrologictechniquescanbeadded..2  A  .3  Incorporatessoftwaredevelopedinthefield(   (2  I  .3  NWSRFS-Contd..2  A  .3  ExpandedtoincludeStage1,2,and3precipitationprocessing..2  A  .3  Latestadditionsinclude....2  1  .3  XNAVtodisplaydataforareasspatially....2  1  .3  XDATtodisplaytextdataintabularform....2  1  .3  XSETStoprepareRVFsfortransmissiontoWFOs..2  A  .3  Programsandprocedurestocalibratemodelsandprepareextended,long-rangeforecasts")G "2  I  .3  (   (2  I  .3  BasicComponentsofaForecastSystem..2  A  .3  DataEntry-InputdataintoRFCsystem..2  A  .3  Pre-processing-Preparedataforuseinhydrologicmodels..2  A  .3  ForecastModel-Executespartsofthehydrologiccycle..2  A  .3  ForecastPreparation-TakesmodeloutputandformatsintoSHEfFandtransmitsonAWIPS..2  A  .3  DataDisplay/UtilityPrograms-Toassisttheforecasterinviewingdata##2  I  .3  ANoteonRFCModels..2  A  .3  MostRFCsruntheirmodelsona6-hourtimestep..2  A  .3  Basedondataavailabilityandthetimetorespondhydrologically..2  A  .3  Modelsmayberunona1-hourtimestep..2  A  .3  RFCsmovingtorunningmodelsatfinertimeintervalforspecificcaseswherehydrologydemandsit..2  A  .3  Modelsare lumpedmodels##2  I  .3  ANoteonRFCModels-Contd..2  A  .3  Lumpedmodelsassumeparametersanddataarehomogenousoverthebasin..2  A  .3  Basinsize-rangefrom50to500squaremiles..2  A  .3  RFChydrologistappliestheirknowledgeandexperiencetocompensatewhen....2  1  .3  Assumptionsnotmet....2  1  .3  Modelsperformbadly..2  A  .3  RFCHydrologistsapplyhydrologicsciencetothe artofriverforecasting( (2  I  .3  DataEntry..2  A  .3  AboutthesameatRFCsandWFOs..2  A  .3  SHEF-codedmessagesdecodedbystandardSHEFdecoder..2  A  .3  AllSHEF-codeddataaredecodedanddataarestoredintheInformixdatabase..2  A  .3  DatawithanySHEFerrorsarenotprocessedanyfurther..2  A  .3  /awips/hydroapps/shefdecode/logs/product -directoryofSHEFerrors-Thisdirectoryshouldbecheckedforerrors.( (2  I  .3  DataEntry-Contd..2  A  .3  Ifnoentryinthe location table,datamaybe....2  1  .3  Ignored....2  1  .3  Sitelidpostedto unkstn table....2  1  .3  Sitelidanddatapostedto unkstnvalue table....2  1  .3  Actionbasedoncontentsof .Apps_defaults ....2  1  .3  TheseInformixtablesshouldbecheckedsodatanetworkcanbekeptcurrent..2  A  .3  IftheRFCdoesnotknowaboutdata-itisnotused..2  A  .3  DatasenttoothertablesforfurtherprocessingforapplicationssuchasStage1,2,and3andNWSRFS( (2  I  .3  DataEntry-Contd..2  A  .3  Rangechecking....2  1  .3  RangeCheck optionof HydroBase todefine....2  1  .3  OutofRange optionof HydroView tolookaterrors..2  A  .3  DatastoredinpermanenttablesinWHFStables..2  A  .3  TransferredtoNWSRFSforpre-processorsevery10minutes..2  A  .3  Non-SHEFdatamusthavespecificdecoder..2  A  .3  METARdata-programreadsvaluesandthencreatesSHEFmessageforprocessinginSHEFdecoder(  !(2  I  .3  DataEntry-Contd..2  A  .3  LDADDataCollection-AnydatacollectedbythelocalWFOshouldbesenttotheRFCstoaddtotheirdatabase....2  1  .3  DataformattedinSHEFandthensenttoSHEFdecoderforprocessing..2  A  .3  Incorrect/Baddatashouldbecorrected....2  1  .3  Correctedvaluesentwithrevisioncodeset....2  1  .3  Settomissing....2  1  .3  MorecriticalfortheWFOsinceyouwillberunninglocalmodels##2  I  .3  DataEntry-Contd..2  A  .3  Strangerreports-notuseddirectlyinthemodelbuthydrologistsrelyonthemtofillingapsinthenetwork..2  A  .3  Zeroreportscanbeveryvaluablesincemissingdataareestimated(moretocomeonthis)##2  I  .3  DataEntry-Contd..2  A  .3  Datashouldbecorrectedatthesource..2  A  .3  ThisensuresthatallNWSgetscorrecteddatasincedatawillthenbedisseminatedthroughnormalcommunicationslinks..2  A  .3  MeasuredflowstakenbytheUSGSduringafloodareVERYIMPORTANTtotheRFCandshouldberelayedtothemimmediately!#rs#2  I  .3  AQuiz..2  A  .3  Getyourpaperandapencilout!#tu#2  I  .3  AQuiz..2  A  .3  Ifsixpuzzlemakerscancomposeninepuzzlesinadayandahalf,howmanypuzzlemakerswouldittaketocompose270puzzlesin30days?#vw#2  I  .3  TheAnswer..2  A  .3  Ifsixpuzzlemakerscancomposeninepuzzlesinadayandahalf,howmanypuzzlemakerswouldittaketocompose270puzzlesin30days?..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  9-eachpuzzlemakercancomposeonepuzzleaday..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  FromTheMENSAGeniusQUIZ-A-DAYBook(note75%gotthiscorrect)( Ihi(2  I  .3  DataQualityControl..2  A  .3  RFCsmustperformqualitycontrolonALLdatainputintoRFCmodels..2  A  .3  Anyerroneousdatamustbeeithercorrectedorsettomissing..2  A  .3  ThisincludesdatafromDCPs,LARCS,etc(ALLsources)..2  A  .3  Somestagedatanotfromforecastpointsmustbecheckedforqualitycontrol( Jjk(2  I  .3  DataQualityControlTools..2  A  .3  WHFSScreening..2  A  .3  XDAT..2  A  .3  XNAV..2  A  .3  PCPNQC..2  A  .3  ProductofallcorrectionsmadethatdaysortedbyWFO/HSA( Klm(2  I  .3  WHFSScreening..2  A  .3  WHFS Screening-DoneatboththeWFOsystemandtheRFCsystem..2  A  .3  Rangecheckingbasedonthevaluessetin DataIngest andthen RangeCheck optionof WHFSHydroBase ..2  A  .3  Setthesevaluestoarealisticrangeforscreening..2  A  .3  Viewoutofrangevaluesusing HydroView andthe LiveData and OutofRange option##2  I  .3  WHFSScreening-Contd..2  A  .3  Rangesinspecifictables....2  1  .3  Defaultrangecheck-globallimitsforparameters....2  1  .3  Locrangecheck-limitsforparametersby5charidorNWSLI")L "2  I  .3  ##2  I  .3  WHFSScreening-Contd..2  A  .3  Howmanyhaveimplementedthesetoolsandcapabilitiesandutilizethemdaily?( S(2  I  .3  XDAT..2  A  .3  DevelopedbyABRFCandmaintainedbyOH..2  A  .3  Tabulardisplayofdata..2  A  .3  Forecasterscanseewheredatamaynotbeconsistentwithtime..2  A  .3  XDAThascapabilitytocreateSHEFmessagetocorrectthedata")T "2  I  .3  ( Mno(2  I  .3  XNAV..2  A  .3  DevelopedbyABRFCandmaintainedbyOH..2  A  .3  Graphicaldisplaysofdata..2  A  .3  Mapoverlaysofbasins,counties,etcavailable..2  A  .3  OverlaysofWSR-88Destimates..2  A  .3  Comparisonofthetwodatafields..2  A  .3  DatacanbecorrectedusingXDATfeatures")N "2  I  .3  ")O "2  I  .3  ")P "2  I  .3  ( Qpq(2  I  .3  PCPNQC..2  A  .3  PCPNQC-assumesprecipitationdataaremissingandPCPNQCestimatesdatafromsurroundingprecipitationamounts..2  A  .3  Estimateiscomparedwithobservedvalue..2  A  .3  Alertsusertocaseswheretheestimateisdifferentfromtheobservation..2  A  .3  Forecastermustmakeadecisiononusingthedataandsettingittomissingbasedonsituation..2  A  .3  DatacorrectedusingXDAT#xy#2  I  .3  AnotherQuiz..2  A  .3  AtmyfavoritefruitstandinPuzzleland,anorangecosts18cents,apineapplecosts27cents,andagrapecosts15cents.Usingthesamelogic,howmuchdoesamangocost?#z{#2  I  .3  TheAnswer..2  A  .3  AtmyfavoritefruitstandinPuzzleland,anorangecosts18cents,apineapplecosts27cents,andagrapecosts15cents.Usingthesamelogic,howmuchdoesamangocost?..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  Answer-15cents(3centsperletter)..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  FromTheMENSAGeniusQUIZ-A-DAYBook(note73%gotthiscorrect)( "#(2  I  .3  Pre-processors..2  A  .3  Prepareobserveddataforuseinexecutinghydrologicmodelcomputations..2  A  .3  Ensuresthatalldataareavailable..2  A  .3  Minimizestheerrorsthatcausetheforecastprogramto crash..2  A  .3  Ensuresfastturnaroundofforecastruns..2  A  .3  Dependentongooddataforgoodresults( (2  I  .3  Pre-processors-contd..2  A  .3  MAP-compute M ean A real P recipitationfrompointdata..2  A  .3  MAPX-compute M ean A real P recipitationfromgriddedprecipitationdataestimatedfromWSR-88D..2  A  .3  MAPE-compute M ean A real P otential E vapotranspirationfrompointdata..2  A  .3  MAT-compute M ean A real T emperaturefrompointandforecasteddata( (2  I  .3  Pre-processors-Contd..2  A  .3  RRS- R iver/ R eservoir/ S nowtopreparerandomtimeintervaldataintoevenlyspaceddata..2  A  .3  FMAP-PrepareQPSvaluesforinputintoRFCmodels( F uture MAP )( (2  I  .3  MAPPre-processor..2  A  .3  Computesmeanarealprecipitationfrompointdata..2  A  .3  Ingeneral,allprecipitationdataareusedintheMAPanalysis..2  A  .3  Stationsinandaroundabasinareassignedstationweights..2  A  .3  Basinoutlines-lat/longpairs..2  A  .3  Weightstotalto1.0( (2  I  .3  MAPPre-processor-Contd..2  A  .3  Dailyand6-hourprecipitationvaluesareusedtocomputedailyvalues..2  A  .3  6-hourvaluesusedtodistributeMAPforeach6-hourperiod..2  A  .3  Pre-determinedstationweightsbyThiessenorgrid-pointmethods..2  A  .3  Mustberecomputedeachtimeanewstationisaddedoroneisremoved.##2  I  .3  MAPPre-processor-Contd..2  A  .3  Stationweights-somestationsmayhavesignificantweightandbeveryimportanttoMAPcomputations..2  A  .3  RFCscanprovideeachofyoutheweightsforweachbasin")H "2  I  .3  ") "2  I  .3  ( (2  I  .3  MAPPre-processor-Contd..2  A  .3  Allmissingdatamustbeestimatedusing1/d2technique") "2  I  .3  ##2  I  .3  MAPinMountainousAreas..2  A  .3  Precipitationmaybeeithersnoworraindependingontemperatureandfreezinglevel..2  A  .3  MAPareasmaybedividedbyelevation..2  A  .3  Precipitationvariesbyelevation-orographiceffect..2  A  .3  Stationnormalsusedinestimatingmissingdatatoaccountfororographiceffect##2  I  .3  MAPPre-processorProblemswithEstimates..2  A  .3  Estimatesmayworkwellinastratiformrain..2  A  .3  Problemsinaconvectiveenvironment....2  1  .3  Estimateslimitedtothemaximumofsurroundingstationsandpeaksmaybemissed....2  1  .3  Insmall,intenseconvectivestormsduringthesummer,rainfallmaybespreadouttoomuch..2  A  .3  Moresophisticatedproceduresrequiredinmountainousareas##2  I  .3  MAP-QualityControlIssues..2  A  .3  MorerainfallinandnearabasinwillresultinamorerepresentativeestimateofMAP..2  A  .3  Missingdatamustbeestimated-problemsinaconvectiveenvironment..2  A  .3  Timing-hourlyand6-hourprecipitationusedtotime-distributetheMAPinto6-hourvalues-morehourlystations,thebetterthetimedistribution..2  A  .3  BetterMAPswillhelpkeepsoilmoistureinlinewithactualconditions##2  I  .3  MAP-QualityControlIssues-Contd..2  A  .3  Timewhenobservationtakenisimportantespeciallywhenrainoccursaround12Z..2  A  .3  Observersmaycodedatatohaverainfallcountedtwice....2  1  .3  Example-Rainfallsbetween11-12ZonTuesday.ObserverAreadsgageat11Zandreports0.00rainfall;ObserverBreadsthegageat12Zandreports2.00.OnWednesday,Areports2.00inches;Breports0.RFCsmustadjustprecipitationtoaccountforthis.##2  I  .3  MAP-QualityControlIssues-Contd..2  A  .3  Zeroreportsimportant-proceduresalwaysestimatemissingdataandzeroscandelineateareasofrainfall( (2  I  .3  MAPX..2  A  .3  Computesbasinaveragerainfallfrom4kmx4kmgridprecipitationestimatesfromWSR-88DandStage3..2  A  .3  Hourlyobservedprecipitationusedtocomputebiasandadjustestimates..2  A  .3  Hourlybasinaveragesarecomputedbyasimplearithmeticaverageofgridvaluesinthebasin..2  A  .3  Hourlyvaluessummedfordailytotals##2  I  .3  MAPX-Contd..2  A  .3  MaybeusedlikeMAPinforecastmodelruns..2  A  .3  Goodfortimingofrainfallbutmaynotbegoodatamounts..2  A  .3  InherentlimitationsoftheradarshowupinStage3precipitationestimates....2  1  .3  Hailcontamination....2  1  .3  Rangeeffects....2  1  .3  AP! 2  I  .3  ") "2  I  .3  ##2  I  .3  MAPX-QualityControlIssues..2  A  .3  BasedontheinherentweaknessoftheWSR-88Dprecipitationestimates..2  A  .3  Adjustedbasedongroundtruth..2  A  .3  RFCHASforecastersmustadjustprecipitationandremoveAPinStage3processtomakeabetterprecipitationestimate##2  I  .3  MAPXUsage..2  A  .3  ABRFCusesthisastheirprimaryinputandemphasizesqualitycontrolofMAPXdata..2  A  .3  Usedonacase-by-casebasis-basedonanalysisofHASforecasteronwhetherMAPXisbetterthanMAP..2  A  .3  Mosteffectivefor18Z,00Z,and06Zrunswhenlimitedground-truthprecipitationavailable( $%(2  I  .3  MAPE..2  A  .3  Computesmeanarealpotnitalevapotranspirationfrommetdata..2  A  .3  Computedonadailybasis..2  A  .3  Moreconservativethanprecipitationsomanyfewerstationsareused..2  A  .3  AnRFCmayonlyuse60or70sitestocomputeMAPE..2  A  .3  Averagesusedifnodataareavailable( &'(2  I  .3  MAT..2  A  .3  Usesobservedtemperaturesormax/mintocomputearealaveragefromMETAR,SNOTEL,andpossiblyDCPs..2  A  .3  Mustestimatemissingtemperaturesbasedonnormals..2  A  .3  FutureMAT....2  1  .3  Outto5daysinthefutureforasubsetofthesites....2  1  .3  CCFproduct,FMR,andMOSgenerallyinthatorderofpriority(  ()(2  I  .3  RRS..2  A  .3  River/Reservoir/Snowpreprocessorpreparesthesedataforuseinforecastruns..2  A  .3  Forinstantaneousdata,takesrandom(intime)dataandcomputesatimeseriesatprescribedtimeintervals(1-hour,6-hour)..2  A  .3  Formeandatasuchasreservoiroutflows,mayberequiredtocomputemeansforspecifiedtimeperiods( !*+(2  I  .3  RRS-StageData..2  A  .3  Instantaneousstagedataisusedinconjunctionwitharatingcurvetocomputeinstantaneouosdischarge..2  A  .3  Computedinstantaneousdischargenormallyusedtoadjustmodelsimulateddischarges..2  A  .3  Normallycreates1-hourtimeseries..2  A  .3  Datanotcollectedonthehourwillbemovedtotheclosesthour( ",-(2  I  .3  RRS-StageData-Contd..2  A  .3  WithDCPs,datanormallyavailableeveryhour..2  A  .3  Caremustbeexercisedwhen merginghourlyautomateddataandmanuallycollecteddata..2  A  .3  Incaseswheretheriverisrisingrapidly,theWFOneedstodefinetheactualtimedataarecollectedandnot assume1200Zor7AM..2  A  .3  Whenthesedataareshiftedto1200Z(2or3hourslater)theyoverwritecorrectdata##2  I  .3  Stages-QCIssues..2  A  .3  Observationsusedtokeepmodelontrack..2  A  .3  Erroneousgagereadingsmustberesolvedbyhydrologists..2  A  .3  Timingisimportant-especiallywithfastrespondingstreams..2  A  .3  Alldatathatisinerrormustbecorrected( #./(2  I  .3  RRS-ReservoirElevation..2  A  .3  Handledsimilartostages..2  A  .3  Usedinreservoirsimulationstodetermineifreservoirinflowsaregood..2  A  .3  Alsousedtoadjustsimulatedreservoirelevationtocurrentobservationtoensuremodelingdoneproperly( $01(2  I  .3  ReservoirOutflows..2  A  .3  Requiresmeandailyand/orinstantaneousobservations..2  A  .3  Dependsonreservoiroperation..2  A  .3  RRSmust mergemeanvalueswithinstantaneousobservations..2  A  .3  Inmostcases,theRRSmustestimatereservoiroutflowstomakewateravailabletoroutedownstream##2  I  .3  Reservoirs-QCIssues..2  A  .3  ReservoirelevationsusedtoadjustRFCmodeloutput..2  A  .3  Dischargesmusthavevalidtimeofobservationandduration( %23(2  I  .3  FMAP..2  A  .3  Usedtopreparebasin-averageQPFforinclusioninRFCmodelruns..2  A  .3  Doesnotcreatebasin-averageQPF..2  A  .3  MoreonQPFlater( &45(2  I  .3  Pre-ProcessorRuns..2  A  .3  RFCsnormallyrunMAPandRRSpre-processorsevery10minutes..2  A  .3  EnsuresthatRFCmodelrunshaveup-to-the-minutedata..2  A  .3  Modelrunsmayonlybemissingdatareceivedinthelast10minutes#|}#2  I  .3  YetAnotherQuiz..2  A  .3  Whatarethreesingledigitswhosesumisthesameasthatofthedigitsmultiplied?#~#2  I  .3  YetAnotherAnswer..2  A  .3  Whatarethreesingledigitswhosesumisthesameasthatofthedigitsmultiplied?..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  Answer-1,2,and3..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  FromTheMENSAGeniusQUIZ-A-DAYBook(note90%gotthiscorrect)..2  A  .3  ( '67(2  I  .3  NWSRFSForecastExecutionRuns..2  A  .3  Madeafterallpre-processorshavebeenrun..2  A  .3  Mayberunin....2  1  .3  batch(background)....2  1  .3  interactivelyusingtheInteractiveForecastProgram(IFP)..2  A  .3  Itisinthisstepwhereportionsofthehydrologiccyclearesimulated( (89(2  I  .3  TypicalForecastExecution..2  A  .3  Snowmodelusedtomodelthesnowpackandsimulatemeltofpack..2  A  .3  SoilMoistureAccountingtocomputerunoffdepth..2  A  .3  UnitHydrographtoconvertrunoffdepthtoflowatbasinoutlet..2  A  .3  Ratingcurveusedtoconvertobservedstagestoflows##2  I  .3  TypicalForecastExecution-Contd..2  A  .3  Observedflowsareusedtoadjustsimulatedflowsandproducebestestimateofdischargeinboththepastandfuture..2  A  .3  Ratingcurveusedtoconvertbestestimatetoforecast##2  I  .3  SnowModel..2  A  .3  Modelsthesnowpackusingenergyandmassbalance..2  A  .3  Basedonamountofsnowwaterequivalentandtemperatures(pastandfuture),predictstheamountofsnowmeltexpected..2  A  .3  Inputincludesnowwaterequivalentandtemperatures(energy)tomeltthesnow..2  A  .3  OutputissnowmeltdepthsimilartoMAPandassumedtobeoverentirebasin( ):;(2  I  .3  SoilMoistureAccounting..2  A  .3  MAPisprimaryinput..2  A  .3  OutputfromSnowmodelusedtoincludewaterfrommeltingsnow..2  A  .3  SnowmeltandMAP addedtogether..2  A  .3  SacramentoSoilMoistureAccounting(SACSMA)....2  1  .3  Dividessoilinto2zonesandtrackssoilmositure....2  1  .3  17parametersusedtodefineflow....2  1  .3  Goodforlong-termmodelingandwaterbalance..2  A  .3  ##2  I  .3  SoilMoistureAccounting-Contd..2  A  .3  AntecedentPrecipitationIndex(API)....2  1  .3  Relationshipbetweensoilmoistureindex,timeofyear,anddurationofrainfall....2  1  .3  Event-based..2  A  .3  Bothmodelsrequireseveralyearsofdatatocalibrate( *<=(2  I  .3  OfficesandSoilMoistureAccounting..2  A  .3  SACSMA-ABRFC,CBRFC,LMRFC,MBRFC,NWRFC,SERFC,WGRFC..2  A  .3  API-MARFC,NCRFC(convertingtoSACSMAby05),NERFC(convertingtoSACSMA),OHRFC(butsomebasinswithSACSMA)( +>?(2  I  .3  UnitHydrograph..2  A  .3  Convertsrunoffdepthfromsoilmoistureaccountingtodischargeatbasinoutlet..2  A  .3  Determinedbyobserveddataortrial-and-errorduringmodelcalibration..2  A  .3  Assumesrunoffevenlydistributedintimeandspace..2  A  .3  AssumptionsoftennotmetandRFChydrologistsmustadjustforecastsbecauseofthis..2  A  .3  Distributionofrunoffcouldsignificantlyalterforecastedhydrograph( ,@A(2  I  .3  RatingCurvesandBlends..2  A  .3  Ratingcurveusedtoconvertobservedstagetoflow..2  A  .3  Blendisusedtoadjustsimulatedflowswithobservedflowstodeterminebestestimateofbothpastandfuturedischarge..2  A  .3  Ratingcurvethenusedtoconvertbestestimateofdischargetobestforecastedstage( -BC(2  I  .3  IFPRuns..2  A  .3  Simulatesthedefinedpartsofthehydrologiccycle..2  A  .3  Hydrographdisplayedincludes....2  1  .3  Pastdataincludesobserveddischarge(fromratingcurve),simulateddischarge,andbestestimate(normallyobservationifavailable)....2  1  .3  Futuredataincludessimulateddischargeandbestestimateofdischarge..2  A  .3  DisplayofMAPorMAPXandrunoffdepthfromsoilmoistureaccounting#fg#2  I  .3  IFPRuns-Contd..2  A  .3  RFChydrologistsmaymakechangesinteractively..2  A  .3  Rainfall/runoffchangedquickly..2  A  .3  Stagesandreservoirdatacanbecorrectedorupdatedeasilybytheforecaster"). "2  I  .3  ")/ "2  I  .3  ")0 "2  I  .3  ")1  "2  I  .3  ( 2DE(2  I  .3  ForecastGeneration..2  A  .3  RFCsuseXSETS(SHEFEncodedTimeSeries)toaccessNWSRFSdatabase..2  A  .3  Workproductofforecastedstages/flowsareprepared..2  A  .3  TimingofforecastordinatesdefinedbyRFC..2  A  .3  Canincludeaboveorbelowfloodstage..2  A  .3  RFCscanedittheworkproductusingAWIPSeditorandsendonAWIPS..2  A  .3  XSETSdevelopedbyABRFCandmaintainedbyOH( 3FG(2  I  .3  ForecastGeneration-Contd..2  A  .3  Mayincludedailyandfloodonlyforecastsifneeded..2  A  .3  FloodonlyforecastsgeneratedbasedoncriteriasetbyRFCincoordinationwithWFO..2  A  .3  Routineforecastissuancebasedon12Zdataandmodelruns..2  A  .3  Updatesmadeasneededbyconditions..2  A  .3  SomeRFCsroutinelyupdatefloodforecastsatothersynoptictimes( 4HI(2  I  .3  ForecastGeneration-Contd..2  A  .3  CoordinatewithyourRFCtogetupdateswhenyoufeeltheyareneeded..2  A  .3  YouaretheRFCcustomersandshouldbeinvolvedinthetimingoftheforecastissuanceandupdates..2  A  .3  WFOsshouldreissueforecaststothepublicwhenRFCsmakeupdates##2  I  .3  MakingModelRuns..2  A  .3  WiththeIFP,thehydrologycanbesimulatedquickly,withinminutes..2  A  .3  RFCsmayneedtolookathistoricalrecordsandotherinformationnotintheIFP-crest-cresttables,etc..2  A  .3  Forextremedownstreamlocations,RFCsmayhavetoreworkthehydrologyforalllocationsupstream##2  I  .3  ANewForecastPoint..2  A  .3  RFCsmustsetuppre-processorstopreparedataforanewforecastlocation..2  A  .3  Hydrologymustbedefined-mayrequiresignificanthydrologic/hydraulicdevelopment..2  A  .3  InformationmayberequiredfromtheSH..2  A  .3  Real-timegagingisrequiredformostnewforecastlocations! 2  I  .3  ( 5JK(2  I  .3  HASOperations..2  A  .3  Stage3-processingofWSR-88Dprecipitationestimates..2  A  .3  PrecipitationDataQC..2  A  .3  HydrometeorologicalDiscussion(HMD)..2  A  .3  HydrometeorologicalCoordinationMessage(HCM)..2  A  .3  QuantitativePrecipitationForecast(QPF)..2  A  .3  DailyRainfallSummary(HYD)( 6LM(2  I  .3  Stage3Processing..2  A  .3  RevieweachhourofestimatesfromtheWSR-88D..2  A  .3  RemovesAP..2  A  .3  Correctsbadhourlyprecipitationdata..2  A  .3  MosaicsallradarsintheRFCarea..2  A  .3  UsedinQPFverification")7  "2  I  .3  ( 8NO(2  I  .3  HydrometeorologicalDiscussion(HMD)..2  A  .3  Detailsprecipitationoverpast24hours..2  A  .3  Shortsummaryofmeteorologicalconditions..2  A  .3  DiscussionofQPFoverthenext24hours..2  A  .3  DelineatefloodpotentialovertheRFCarea..2  A  .3  Formatandcontentvariesfromofficetooffice..2  A  .3  Generallyissuedtwicedaily( 9PQ(2  I  .3  HydrometeorologicalCoordinationMessage(HCM)..2  A  .3  Onanas-neededbasis..2  A  .3  TransmitinformationtoWFOswedonotwishtoreleasetothepublic..2  A  .3  Differsfromofficetoofficeinitsuse( :RS(2  I  .3  DailyRainfallMessage(HYD)..2  A  .3  Containsasummaryofdailyprecipitationendingat12Z..2  A  .3  Issuedaround11AMlocaltime..2  A  .3  UsedbyHPCinQPFverification( ;TU(2  I  .3  QuantitativePrecipitationForecasts(QPF)..2  A  .3  NWSmadechangesinthesummerof2000basedonresultsobtainedbynationalteam..2  A  .3  RemovedWFOsfromthedirectinvolvementinQPFpreparationeastofContinentalDivideinAugust,2000..2  A  .3  IntheprocessofmakingchangesfortheareawestoftheContinentalDivide( <VW(2  I  .3  QPF-HPCResponsibilities..2  A  .3  Prepare6-hourQPFoutto72hourseachsynoptictime..2  A  .3  GriddeddatasentoverAWIPStoWFOsandRFCs..2  A  .3  Day1(94Q),Day2(98Q),andDay3(99Q)sentoverAWIPSandprovidedtoexternalusersevery6hoursatsynoptictime..2  A  .3  0-6(91E),6-12(92E),and12-18(93E)QPFsentoverAWIPSandtoexternalusersevery6hours..2  A  .3  Vector-coded-graphicsenttoRFCsevery6hours")  "2  I  .3  ( de(2  I  .3  QPF-RFCResponsibilities..2  A  .3  MakeadjustmentsinQPFbasedonlocalknowledge(roleWFOusedtoplay)usingNMAPorMountainMapper..2  A  .3  PreparebasinaveragesofQPFforinclusioninRFCforecastmodels..2  A  .3  PrepareforecastsusingQPF-numberoftimeperiodsvariesbyoffice..2  A  .3  RFCwillcoordinatewithWFOsbuthavefinalsayinQPFintomodels..2  A  .3  Coordinationbyconferencecalls,HMD,andHCM")R "2  I  .3  ")= "2  I  .3  ")> "2  I  .3  ! 2  I  .3  ( ?XY(2  I  .3  FlashFloodGuidance..2  A  .3  IssuedbyRFCstosupporttheWFOsintheFlashFloodProgram..2  A  .3  ArealFFGgenerallyissuedbycounties..2  A  .3  Countyguidanceisamountofrainbasedoncurrentsoilmoistureconditionstoproduceflashfloodinginaspecifictime..2  A  .3  Issuedfor1-,3-,and6-hours(12-and24-hourvaluesinsomeareas)..2  A  .3  Maybeissuedevery6hours")@  "2  I  .3  ( A\](2  I  .3  GriddedFFG..2  A  .3  Thresh-R-usesdigitalelevationdataand2-yearreturnperiodfloodtocomputegriddedthreshholdrunoffvalue..2  A  .3  Soilmoistureusedtocomputerunoffthreshholdforbasinswhichisconvertedtogrid..2  A  .3  Griddedguidancewillprovidemoredetailedflashfloodvalues( BZ[(2  I  .3  FlashFloodHeadwaterGuidance(FFH)..2  A  .3  Allowsanofficetoissueasite-specificcrestforecastforalocation..2  A  .3  RFCsprovideatableortablesthatrelatesoilmoistureandrainfalltofloodcrest..2  A  .3  SoilmoisturemaybereferencedbyFFGvaluesorcolumnnumbers..2  A  .3  Willbereplacedbysite-specificmodelinWHFS")C  "2  I  .3  ( D^_(2  I  .3  DamBreak..2  A  .3  WFOshaveDamCatalogandsimplifiedDamBreakmodel..2  A  .3  RFCshavetheseplusmoresophisticatedDamBreakmodel..2  A  .3  Whenadambreakoccurs....2  1  .3  WFOstakeimmediateactiontowarnpeopledownstream....2  1  .3  ContacttheRFCstopossiblyrunsimplifiedDamBreakformorespecificanswersontiminganddepthoffloodwaters....2  1  .3  RFCsdeterminehowdambreakaffectsforecastpoints##2  I  .3  WaterSupplyForecasting..2  A  .3  Doneinmountainouswestwherewatervolumesforthesnowmeltseasonareestimatedfromthesnowpack..2  A  .3  NormallycoordinatedwithNaturalResourceConservationService(NRCS)..2  A  .3  Givesvariousprobabilities..2  A  .3  BasedoncurrentsnowpackandhistoricalregressionsorESP(EnsemblePredictionSystemnotExtraSensoryPerception)##2  I  .3  SpringFloodPotentialOutlook..2  A  .3  Issuedalongwithsnowmeltforecasts..2  A  .3  Indicatespotentialforfloodingoveranarea..2  A  .3  Inoutsincludecurrentsoilmoistureconditions,reservoirlevels,and30-dayand90-dayprecipitationoutlooks..2  A  .3  Subjectiveandbasedonforecasterknowledge.##2  I  .3  SupportforSurveyAssessments..2  A  .3  Provideguidanceanddatatosurveyteam..2  A  .3  Responsibilitiessimilartothoseofotheroffices..2  A  .3  Generally,havedataoverawiderarea..2  A  .3  Mayprovideadditionalinformationonworkandcooperationwithcooperators( E`a(2  I  .3  HoursofOperation..2  A  .3  RFCsonnominal16-houroperations..2  A  .3  SRRFCsconductinga1-yeartestonthebenefitsofroutine24-houroperations....2  1  .3  TesttobeconcludedDecember2,2000andresultstabulated....2  1  .3  MayeffectoperationsofallRFCs..2  A  .3  RFCsextendhoursofoperationto24-hoursasconditionswarrant(maybeatthespecificrequestoftheWFO)##2  I  .3  HoursofOperation-Contd..2  A  .3  Staffingadjustedtomeetdemandsandneeds..2  A  .3  Willbring2or3peopleonmidnightstoaddressspecificfloodproblemsifrequired..2  A  .3  Decisionbasedonsoilmoisture,expectedrainfall,WFOrequest,orothercriticalsituations( Fbc(2  I  .3  Coordination..2  A  .3  RFCHydrologistvisitstoWFOs..2  A  .3  SHvisitstoRFCs-needtobeatleastoneweekeachyear..2  A  .3  WFOforecastersvisitRFCs! 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\93ЂсҁтҁӂсՂӁӁՁԂՁԄԁԁՃԂցՁԁՅԃӂքփԁՂҁԁӄԁӁԂՂՅցՁւփՅցցՁքցՄՆցՄւՇԁՃՄՂցցցււցֆֆցՁՌւցօքւօփււՈՁԂցՁՁԁՃӂԁӂӄ҂тЂсЁúqYA;>Ov҃ҁхӁӁӁ҂ӃՃԂԃԃՂԅւՁՁւՁԁԁՁՂԃӁԂօԂՁցւԄԁցցւՃցՂցՂՃԁՆԁցՅցՁֈքփցֆֈցՁԁցՃցցւցււ֍ւցփՃՆւցՂւՇԂ҃ӁтҁуρȿhL96=Uтт҄ӂӂсӁՁՁՄԂՁցցցӂֆւՂԃՃԁԁӁցԄՉցՁցցՇՁցՅԂցՂՁցՁԄՂՃւցՁՃՉցՅօււցՃփււցՃւցցՍցւցւփւքցւււցՅցՁԁՁՂցՁԃցԁԂ҃ҊЁσ»uS>=IUlɁɅҁӂфӁՁԂӂԁՃӁցԃՁՁւՁՁքՁՂԆՁՁԂՁ։ՂՃԂՂցԁցևփՁԃՃՄցցԁՃցԂՁցՄւԁցՂցՅցքՁՁՃՄցցֆքւքքցցցՁփֆցւցց֏ւցՇՇԅՁсӁт҃҂Ё΁ρò{kO59PzŃт҂сЁՁԁ҇ԁӁՁԁՁӈՁցՂՁօԁԁցԁԃՁԁԁՁցՁԂՃւՁփՁՂցցցՁՆւՁցԁՆԊՁցԁցՁցՂԃՁցՁցՁՂՁՃքՄՄցց֌ւ֊ՂՂփՂւԌւցֆւցցցցՁւցՁՃօՁԁՃԁӂҁҁЃρ΁÷e>5;Qû²O:A^nɁӁ҂ҁ҂ԁӁӁՁԁӄԄցՂւՁՃցւցՃքփтՂՂւԂցցԁՁւքՃցցՁՅցՇցՄփՃցւցՄՆցՄՁւ֛֊քււփքւցՂւևց։քւցցցցԁցւՁցԁՁԁՂԁҁс°>87601PtʁS=ARaʁˁӁԃҁ҃ԃӂփԂՂԃւցցևՃցՃՁՁւՆցՄ҃ՄՃՁցՁցՊՃւՅցՁՇցՂւցցՅփ֌քևևււցւՁւ֎ֈփւփւցՃցՁԂՂօԂՁӃӁҁсρƸuO:4'/@eu{ɁĶ{V@Jpʁ́΁́ҁӂ҃ӂւՄԁԂՂցԁքՁցՁՂՁցՁՃՁցԄՄփՃՁՂցՄՁցՁԁՂՁցՄցՁՆֆփՂւՊփՌՁִցքւփփցփք֓֐քւցւՈՅքփՁԂՁ҂т*÷zA;:8aþsI>Xw΅ЁρӁ҄ӂԄӃӁՃՃՁԁԁԅցՁւՂՁւփՃփցՅՂՃԁԁՁցԄՁցՁԂցՁՁՌքՂցՁւՂՆցՅցՂՁցԂՁւֈ֜։փցցցՁՂցւևփւււցւՂՅփՄՁցՂքՁԁՂԁԂЁȾxhM9BnǁʁſsiV=C\v΁ρ΁ҁсҁԁՅԃՁԁӁԁԂՁՁՃՁՆքՁՁււՄԃւՅՁՁւՃւՁցՄցՉՂցցՋօՂՃցԇցՂցՈփՂցՁԁցւօ֤օցցփՐցՁցֆւփևցՄՁՈՇփՁցՁփՄՂԁӁƾ>;N`uǁfO8@PýЂςсЁуӁ҂ӂӁҁӂԁӁԁփԁՂԁՂցԁՁքՃԂցԁՂցՁՂւՇՃցՁւՂցՅՂՇցՁցքԁՉՁփՃՁՄցՁցւցք֎֗ցփցՈՁցՃւփօօցՇօւՁւԁ Ű}`Q=7Xʃ́ǿ|[JBZxˁτЁсЁԁ҂ҁӁՅԁՁԁӁւԅցՁԂӁՁցՃԂւԂՄՁցցՁփցՌցՆքՁւՃփւՂԃՁցՄցՁՅք֌֙ցքւցՂՂՅ֌ցցցցւՁցՄՂԂՁӂӁՁǺ>58\tʁ́ŵs[JHTwˁ΁ςсфЂρЁ΁ҁӂՁԂԁՃՂՁցӁԁԄӂքՁքԁՂԁՂՅւցՁցԁԂւՂՄցՆւՂՂփՄֆՆւԂՂՄՇՃՄւՃցՃքք֡ււցցՃցցևււՄցցՁփՄցցՁՁՁԂс_ALF]}́ɽYPGI^́́ρЂЁӁс҂тЁӁтӂӁӅԃՁՁՂցԄՁԁԁԃՂԄցՃւՁԁցՃցՁւՁՁՊւՁւՃԃՂցՁցՂՈՁՁցֈւՁՃցՂՂՎփւ֠ֆփօւօւՃւցֆ։ՅցՂՃււԂՂµ{`HE]΃ȿwOCMoˁςτЃӁҁ҄тӁӁԁԁӂՅւՂԁցԄԁԁՃււՁցԁՁԁԂցՁւՄՃՄցՄւՁցցցՃցՁցՆցՐՂւցՂւՁւԄՁՁՄցՄՆքՈցց֟ցքւքւցցւֆ֌ցցՂՃփӂҁʽx\DXz΁ɹxMFTú́ςτЂсЁсӁ҂тЂςӂ҄Ӂԁ҃ՃӂԁԂՅԁԁԁԃԁփՁԂՁՃւցՁՁՇՁԂցՅՅցցցՄՅՄցՁփւԂՁՁցցՁՂւՁՁՊՃՃօցֈ֊֍ցօփցքցֆևցՁՇցօփՁԁт pcHPc͂΂Ё ʽjG>HUpρсφЃҁӁссҁҁԁӂԁӄՂӅՁԅԁօԁՁքԃՂԁԁԁցԁցՂցցՁՂցՁӁցՂւՁՂցՂցՁՄՂցւՂՃցՁՆցՂցՁցՁւՃՁՂՁՃՉցցփցք֣քւՁււՂցցցօցփՃփՂՐքՁՃԂ҂с ǻYGD_y͂Ƿ[DNe}ЁсЂсЁҁӁ҂ҁӃсρӆՁӁԁӁԃԄԁԁցՂցևՂӁցՁԈՁՃՁԁՁւՁՃօՁցՂցՅֆցՃւՅւՈւՁՂՁՅՆցփՁփՁցՄցՃՆցՉօ֔և֊փփցցՁցփցփՂւՃփՆԂlHBLf˂΅]NPoЇЃ҃҂ӃҁӂсҁӁ҂ԁӁԁԂԄՃԁցԂԄցՁցւՁՁԃՁՁՁՄՂփցՂՄօՃփքՃՁՇցՆցՄցՁՁՆՂցցքւֈ֊։֋ցցևՄւցցՂՃօցցՃցՁցҁӂЁw`JFEJSnς|QI^wρсЃс҂ссҁԂӁсҁуҁсҁЂӁՉՅՁՃՁԅփՆӁՁԁԂՁԆՋւԂՂՂւӁՁփՄՁՁՄՄքՁՁՂցՃքԁՉՇԂՅւՁՃցքփցցցևևււֆւՅցՌցցււցՁօՂԅՁсɸiK73Khʁ́΁ |KCXlρст҂ӃԁӃҁстЃӁӃԂӁӁՁՁӂՁՁԂԁԄՂԁՁւՁււԁքՁԃՃՁւՁԌՁցՂՁՄցՁքՂՂւՁցՃցՂփՁցցՆցւՂԂՃցՂւՁօփցւ֔ֈփցււցքցՇցփցՃՂւքՁҁǿjE30[ʁ΂ЁȸiJIfρτЃсԂӁԂՁԂՄԁՁ҃ԂӁӁӁԃԁӂчҁҁՄԄՄՅԂӂցԁԁ҂ӁҁӃՁքՁӃԁԆՁԁՁԂԁԅԁՁԂ ՅցԂՁՂքՁԂՃցՁՈсӄՁԁՁԁցցՂօԁՆփՅԃցցցՃւՂՅՇքցցցւՂֆցցՁքՄՃՁՃցӁͽ^C9AGgЂǹybM8k$nRCAF@5,&+\bP93:Q[UJ=:=73/*-;4*%?\>'+)",=A708?C81/& '(&$/8.23(%#7;.+/.,.2;GPYajd`VYe[dip>xnow~{yw}|vy}{smnx{}woi\A<:1%%8E@1$%&'),'4.$(D?69@L]'ip:257JD827GTLA@=;G[Qo|zkdzkUX}wĹpoˁсԁӂՁՁՂԅՁՂցՆՁԁӂՁևԂԁՁӁӁ ītA6=aσŴj>6LdzԁՂԁӁՁԁՂԁӂՁԃՁՂԁՆҁҁӂӁӂӁԁсс҂ՁՅ̧lbTD<834:526?30/,R/0/58,*5OyZ=Kh]QJ?41+.:@T\`@2&7Tcpuoa_srloj`Y]hsomxplnt~rowy ~vwqpwyx {ys ā¿~~xwzjU?18DGOJLOIB>DILQ PV`VPJC:;95[kUYVSXYJFXdVF3.<67.(.<:1(.IB''"6)5blipvUBcρЁρ΁ρρҁӁҁӁсӁӁҁсҁӁ҂ՄԂҁԂ#uKFS^rʽ[ADckɁ΁ԂՃԂՃԁՆ҃ՁԁԁՁӇՁ҄Ӂҁ҃сс Ӂ ʝ&y~vpz}upkjpnejkstkwς΁ƁƁρ̂ʁˁƁЁυсфӁ҂ҁтЃсс҂Ɓ  Msuld[Kb^@SsՂԂցւԁՁՁԄՃӅՂԆՁՄԁՃс҃ӂссӁс҆сԁԂӂƁȂ΁́Ɂǁāā΁Ɂȃȁ΂΂΂Ёρʁ̂Ё΁́΁΁́ˁ̓΁̂ρсЁρ҄ӁӂԁՁԁӁӂԁӁҁсӂс́΁΂Ёф΄ρ΁σς΂тЁЂς˂́ǂÁna^IKI3QPHFNOE=8BHEDGHB@L]_>7232>NB=>;:A<:6;AZ[tztgYhkO:Hiz w~ρЂ#ȷ{Q<4HhȹgF7@SuтӂՄԁԄՁԁԃԁԁӁՁԂփӅӁ 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O%ӁՁՃփփց֍ցՂփԁՄӄԂӃԅӁсҁтԁтҁтԃՃԁւՂքՂցՉփւքփցցևՁփցււցցցՃՅՁցցՂփւՁօֆցցցՁւցւքքքցւՁցՂՂԅY%ՁՆֆօքցցցՉւցքՁԅցԁӂԂԁԁ҂ӆ҂сӁԁӁ҂хЁՂԃքՁցՋցփփՂքփփցփււցւՂցօցււքքւփք֊ցցց։փցցցցւՂՁցՁՂ\$ԂՃՁցՁքֆօցՄՌՁցևՁփՂԁՃҁ҂ԂӁЁсҁԂссссՁԂՁՃցՃցՄփցցքՆցցցփֈւօւֆֈ֍ցՁօփցՇց֏քցքքւՃւցփւցցՁօԄg%ЁՇւ֍ցօցՁӂցՁւցՁփԁՃՁ҂ԁӁӁ҂тԄҁ҂ЂփՁԁՁՃփՁցքցքցւցքցւփւֆցֆւքևօւՁքցՇւցփւքքցփւցցցփփՂցՁՄԃs)ӂօօւփցՁցՄՇ֏ցՁԁՇӆӂҁӂӁ҂Ӂ҂ссՁցՁցցՄւՂփցփօ֏ւցփցքցՄցցւքւփցֈւփցՁցՃՁցՃցցևՅցւփփցփցցցՁւցցցՁցցցՁm(ՄցՂքւֈւփցօւԁՁցՁӁԁՂԂӁӂӂсӂ҄ҁ ҃ЁԃՂ ֆՂցւցցօցցփփցֆևցցՁՂւց֐ցփփւՂցցՄւՁՃցՃքւցՁցՃփււււփւցցցցւՁՄւՄցՄՁa"ЂԁՂՂֆ֋ւցցՁւփԁՂփցӂԁՂӁҁӂӂсҁҁԂс҂ЁҁՃփՁՉքւքՁցւցւփ֋ցւցցՂՈ֏փցցՂօՃփւցՃցՔՅւՁւՄՁցՂցՂցցԆցքւՇ[ ҂ԃՅօ։փֆցփՂԂՁԁӅՁӁҁҁҁсӁӁҁԁ҂сЂՂԂՁւԂցՁւցւփւցփւցֆւֆցփֈփցցցցՂօցցքքՃւՃւՁւքցցցՁքՁցքԆցՁՁփՃV"ӂՂՁցցւփցփՃՂցՁցԁքփՂՁՁՁԁӂҁԂу҂ҁ҅ҁՁցւՂԁՁցցՃււցցցցփքօփււցցօցցւՂքցցցՁՈցՁւԃւՁՁցցցքՂցՊւցՂՁւ S"ՂՁՄցփւցցցՁՁփՁցքւցՄ҃ԁсӁссҁӁӁҁӁ҂ЁւՁցԁցՁցցցԁււցցփււցցՁւՁփօ֐ցՄցքցւցցՃւՅՄցցցւցցցւցփՄւցցցցՁՃS ӁԂցԁքցցփցցցց։ՁՅքՁՇӁ҄Ӂ҃ӁҁуӁцҁӁсЂՂՁՁԁցՂՁցւցփցցւցւցցփցւօււււցւՅցՃւփֆււՄՄՂփՆւՁցցՇԃ S ՉֆւցցցփւցՅԁՄՂցքՁԂՁӁҁҁӁԁ҂ӂӄҁӂЂցՁցցԁւՁցքւՁօցփցւքցևֈքցցց֊ՁքցցփւփՅֆցՎցցՅւցցքւցւցցփցւՃւ NՁօցցցցքցօցՅքցՅՁփՁօՆԁ҂ԁӂҁӁԅ҃ссՁւցՁցՁւփֆ։քց֑։փփօւց֋օցցӉՇցցՁցՁքօքֆ։ւցցցւՂLՃՂփցփւփփւևցցցՆցՇփԁՁՂӁԂӂԅсӂҁ҃с҂ЁՁՆԂօՃ֐ֈֈ֛ֆւցփււֈֈփՂօՅւցցՁցքփֆցՁփցււցօւցՂLՋցֆւցք֌ՁւՈցՃՂֆՂԁԁԃӂԁҁ҂ҁсЂӁҁՁցՁւցՄցււցՁ֎ևցւօցֆֆփցփօցփֆցփՂւցցՁցՃւՃցւքցՆօւքցցւփցՌՂKՆցևւցցցօքՈցՂցՂցԂԄՁԁԁфҁӄӁсՁօփ ӁՂ֎ֆֆֈց֒ցւօքւցցֈցփքցԅփքցՄՄփՂ֋փփւՂււււցցւM ՄՄցՂւցցւ֊ցցՆցՇՆցցՁԂԁ҂тӁҁԁӂҁ҂ՁՂցՄցււցցՅ֒ցւևցֈևւցւ֍ևփօցփփցՂփցւ֎ֆՂՁՃցցւց֎ւփցK ՁՂՂՁփֆւ֍ցցՂքԁՁՁҁӂԁсӁ҂ӁԂӁҁӁҁԁՁփՂֆփҁցՅ֓֍ւցֆ։ւփ֧ց֟ց։Ճփփ֊ևցփւփցցփցֆֆցցӼI#ԁՂֆք֝ՂցցււՁԃԁՃӆԁӂՁԁ҅ԂсЃււցցքҁօ֞։֏ևփ֙օք֍։ցֈօԁևցցֆֆՂՁԁՂւ֍քց֋ՂՁւԼI+ӁցՋֆ֠ՂցւԂԂՁӁӄՁӁԂӂҁЁԁցքցքՂсՂՁք֎֒ւև֋օֆ֙ցօց։ցֆցցՂփՌփւօւՃԁՃցփքֆֈցՄՂցՂ ҶG,ԁփ֏֊փցՈՂՁւցՂցւԂՁԁӁԁҁЁҁсЂцӁՁՅЁցւււ ֟֏։֎փքֈւօ֊ց։ցցցցփցՁՂւց֏ֆցՅցցփցցֆցՁՄՄҽJ5ՁՃՆքցցցփ։ցՈՉՂԄԁՁӂԁӁӁ т҄с҂ՁՅցӁփօփցւ֐ֆ֌օցփւ֋ււ֌ցց֊փցցւււցցււֈֆցցՃցֈօււքւցցՂӻI6ՂՂցք֋ՃՉւքԅՃӅӁҁԅӁсӃфт΃քֆցք ցքփֆֈ֓ֈօւււօցքցօֆքՇՂցւՁՆւցքցւցցքԂՂցՃցքւցքւՂՂ ѬD,ՃՃցՄւցւֆցՁւցՁֈՇӂԁҁԂӁстҁՄՂՁցփցЂԁւփւփ֝փփֆցւ֊ւՂցՃփօֆւՁցՅւցֆֈփւցԁՄւփցքցցււՉցҠA0ւփւևՂցՇքցւԁՁӁԁԁҁӁӁсф҃сՁւցցւЁԂցֆւ֒֌ւփֈւՁօևքցցփցփցցցցՊցՅցւ։ֆԁՃցՂֆ֍ւցցքցփՅցѮE,ԁՃՂՄւ։ցւցևՁՁӁӃԂ҃ӁҁӁс҃хօցւՃ֋ւօփև֌֕ցց֓փցցւքցքւՂցՁցւՄք֌ւփււցցԄցՁցփց֎ցցփցՂցՃՁցѮC*ӁԁՄցփօւցՅցՃՂՃՁԅԁӆӁԂԁӄӃс҅ЁՋցցցցցցՃքցւցփ֑։ւօւփք֌ցցփցցււօփփււփփցցցցւ։օւցփւՁԂցևֆփփ֊ւցҹH0ԁՂցֆցցքՂցԃցՁֈւԁӁԂՁ҃Ӂ҃ԁсҁстԃփԂւցււցցԂ։ցցֆօււ֍֎փֈւցփւքփցցՁււցցքցցւցցցֈՁՃււփցփփցցւփՁՆK(ՇՅցՄԁցցՃւՁւՂՂցՁԂՁҁԁӃՁҁӁӂ҂с҂ҁցցցցӂՁ֍ցւ֏ևւօքց֌ցցևքցքքցՂֆ֊փօւցցօցցցփցՃՂՁ ѻI%ՁՃւցցցցւցֈՁԂԁҁӁҁ҂тЁсҁҁՂҁՁցքւցցԃՄ֋ցցց֏ււցքց֐ փցւց֏օՁփցցց֌ւփցֆւցփցփքօՂՂցҾJ!ԅՅՁփւցւՂՋՁցՁֆԂՃ҃ԃ҃҆с҃сՁցՄԁցփցցցփցցքֈֈև֊ևցւցփօցփցքցփցքփցւցօփցքՁՂցՁցցցօւցՁՃL!ՆՊցՁՁՂօցցՄւՃՃՅցԁցՁւցՁӂԂԁԃӁӁЃсҁӂՁՃԁցցՁցւցցփփփցւ֊փփֆցցւևււՁցՃցւՂցւցցւքւֆփֆևցցցՂցցցւցւ։ՂցցՃNՊցՉցփցՁՁցՂցՈւԁՁԁՃՁցՁӂԁӁԁԁҁӁӁЂӂցցՂցքւօՁքօՂ֔քւցւ֊ցփքՅւցՃքՁՃցփՅփւց֋քցՁՅցփֆց J$ՃՁցւևւցՁցՉցցԁՄււՂՁԁӃӁЁ҃ҁсՃցԉւցցւփ։ցֈֆևւց։փւփփքՃՂցցփՃցւցֆփֈււցւՂւֆւցՁՄ ѳD&Ԃցքք֌ցցՅցցՂՁՂցՂՁՃԂՁӁ҃ӄӂցւӁփցցֆֈ։օՂ։օևցց֌ցևցցւՃցւևցքցփցցցքցւփցֈֆցցփ։ցցււցքՁ ѫB$ԁՃցցցֈցօքքււցՃՅՁցՁԁՁӆӃ҂ӂҁЁցփւ֖ցց֍֏֋֗֊ցւցփցօևււՁւքւցցւ֊ֆև֌ւևւ։ֆւցքփցցՁցК<) Ղ֍ցփևցւցցցփӁԂӁԁӁ҂҂сՁԁււՂօփօցֈփֆցօֆ֗ևփփքփՁց֋ցփցֈ֋ցցււցցՂք֊ւֈցցՄП=9ՄւցՄփփցՁփւցՇՅփՇՁՂփքԂՁՂҁӁӃсҁусցցиփւՁւ֊փւցցք֎ցօ֊փցօօւցօՁցփՁքՂւցւցց֋փցՄևքււֆցւցցցՁՃ ў=IԁՁցցւՁցցքցցՁՆՃՃՁցՁՁւԃՂԁՁ҄ԂӁсҁҁсҁсՁԃօցօցֈֆւևֆքֆֈւևւցքքւօւփւփցցփքւօֆփցւցւււցցւցА8VԁՄՂցփփցՅՐւցՄւՁցԅՁՃԂӁԁҁӃҁӁ҂ւԈցօևցց֔ցւփև֌֓ւֆցցցւևփքօփփքցփփցփֈքւցքւօ֑֎ցօώ8cӂԋփօւցՄԁՁւՈՂւՁՂւՂցքՁՁӁԁԂӃ ҂ЁՃքӃցՁ֖փցցֈ֌ց֘֋փֆւցքւՂքօցւցււքՁցֆփցււցքւօքցքքււՁχ5dԁՄցցցւցՂցՎցՄցՂփӂԂӁԁӁԁӁӁҁҁӁсҁֈց։ֆֆփցփօցցօ֋օ։ֆցքֆփփօքՁւ֎ցւցփօցքցփՁ 5`ՂցփՁցւցՂցՇՁւՄՁԇԁԁӃՁԂсъցց֒փքցցփփփՁցֆփքցցցւևցփփփցւււցցցքՂւցւցփցւՃւււօւցցւցցփցϔ<сҁӁӁ҂ӁՁӁՁւՂՇՂՁփւօւՁՆՅՅցցՂւՁԁՁԃՁԂՁԁԂстсӄrԃԃւԃՁՁՄՁՃՁՂՁցՁքՄւՂՍցցՁՂցցՃւՄՅցֆՊցՇցցՁՃքԅՁւՂցԁքւՆցՁւԁՁքсӄӁԁҁӁ ̯;?т҂҈ӁӆԁցՁՉՊցցՁՂօՄՅցՁցօՄփւՁԂՂӆ҂ԃҁՁҁԁӁ ӿlՂՁքՁււցԁՂփՇՁՅցՁՁւցՄցցՁւՁԂԁՅՂՃՄՄՂփՁցՂֆՁւցՁԂՄցՁՇԂՁցՂՄՄփՁՁԃՃքՁւӂӁҁӂӁ̤7Cρт҂ӅӁՁՁփՁԅՄՅՆՂՆՂՂՄքՁւ֊ՂցՁցՂӁӁԃӽoԂՂԂւքՂՅՃցՁՃՁցՁՁւԃՁՁցՁՖՂՍւցփցւՁՃԂՁՂՁԂՁւՉքցՃՅՂցՂցցԂՂԁցՁցցւԁօԃӃԁՂӁԂӃ ̖5\҂с҂ՄԁՃՃԃՁԁփՃԂՅցԂփՂԂՂւՁԁՂԁԂՁԂԄՂӁӁԁՃтՁӅӾsՁփՁփՁւՅցՁՁցցՁցցՆՁքԃցՃՆցւփցփփցՄԂՁՃօՅՅֆցօւՁփՄԁցՁցՃցՂւՁԁՁՁՂԁՁԁՃӇԁʌ4hтӁӃՁՃԈԅՉցւցՃցփՄցփՃՂւօՂւփՅӁՃԁҁԁՁӿvӁցԄԁՅցՂՆՂցՁցցՁցՂցքՁցՂցցՂփՃՁքցցցցփւՁՄՃցՅՃԁՇ֊ցցՃՁցցՃՃՆՇՄՂցԂՁցՁՁҁӁԁԂȊ2k҂ՂԃՁՁԁևՄՆփՁցւՃԂՂԂԁւՁՉւՁցՂҁӁӃԁ yցՂֆւՁԅՁցՉւցցՂփցււՄւՃԄՄցցցՁւՄՂցՌՇցՁօփքւցՆւՃցՃՂՇփՅւՁցՂՁҁӂԂӁԁՁʕ7tЂҁӁԁԁԁԈցՄՈՂֆՉքցԁԁՄՃւՃԁքԁՁՅԁӁ ӼiӃՁՁցՆՁԁՆԅցՌՂՅւՄցփւցւցփՂցփցօՋւցՂցՃՂփ֊ցցցՂՄւԂՂցԁփՁւӄӂҁӂՁԁ Ɍ6wЃӂԁӂԁՂԁՁցԃԉՈցՃցցՂՉՂւԅՁւՃՆւՁՁԂԁՅӂՁӁӻlԃՁՂցՁցՃՃւՁցՁՃցՅՄցՁցՈՁփևցցՁցփքցՄՂՂցցՂցցւօֆւօՅցցՂԃՁցՃփՆՁԁӂ ԃւu7ӄӁԂՁցՄԄւՁՎ֋ՄՄցՂՄֆցփӂցցԁՁӁӂՁӁՁҼj҃ԆՁՁփԂօՁցՁՂՆցԁԇՅՄՂցՂՁցցցցււՆւՅԃԂՄւ֍ւփՈւՂւՂցՃցցՁԁՁքӃӁӁԁ҅ԁՁh6ҁӁԁՁԁԁՁӂՁԁևւՆՁցՅօցՁ ցԂՃӃԂՂԁӂՄԁӁ҂ՅѺsԁցՂԁցՃֆՁփԁՁԃՉՃՁցԁցՄցՍՄՁՁՁցււՁՁՁփՅԃՁՃքՈքփփւՁցցՃՁւӁՅԁՄցԁՁӄՃՇӁ^4ŁӃԁԂՁԁՁӃԈԁՈՄփցցւցՂւցՄփԁՁԁՁԃՂՃӁӂԁӁՁԁлwՁՄӂՁԁՁքցցՁԁՂցՉցցՃւՅւՁՂցՂցՂփցցՁֆցՇւՁփցփցՆԁցՁՁւԃՂցցցցցփւՁցՂցՂՂցՁՃӁՁՃԁԁӁӂՁԁӁ `3у҂ԃՁԄԁՁԂԅցցցւՂ֌ԁՂԂՁԁՁՂԁԁ~   ف      ԁӁϻҁՁ҃ӂԁӁՁԁՃԁցՃփՂՄԁՁՁցւՂփՉցՁՃփՂՄցԁԃՂՄՂւցՈցՃփցՃՂՁՁցօցցօօՁՁՄցՁցԂփՁԈՁցՂՂ҂ՁԁՂӁӃӁe@ӂ ՄւՁԅՊՍւՁՉՁՅցՂցԁԂփԁԁԁՁԁՂҁӂԁζǁԃӁՄӂӁӁԂԄւԃփԂՂՄցՈցՂՁցււՅցւՁՃԂցՃփւցցփցւց ՆցՅցքցօՆցՂՂփԃՂևՁԂԂՁԁՁӂՁԃ 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