ࡱ> yr  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopk<Root Entryb.@pNf`SlideShow@f`@f`Main 3PerfectOffice_MAIN&~@w 3+ Original Slide Show~  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|} Oh+'Oh+'0T  (HIC Tom Dietrich33$C:\COREL\SUITE8\PROGRAMS\PRWIN8.EXE      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~                            ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~        !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~                           ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~  !!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!"!#!$!%!&!'!(!)!*!+!,!-!.!/!0!1!2!3!4!5!6!7!8!9!:!;!!?!@!A!B!C!D!E!F!G!H!I!J!K!L!M!N!O!P!Q!R!S!T!U!V!W!X!Y!Z![!\!]!^!_!`!a!b!c!d!e!f!g!h!i!j!k!l!m!n!o!p!q!r!s!t!u!v!w!x!y!z!{!|!}!~!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!""""""""" " " " " """"""""""""""""""" "!"""#"$"%"&"'"(")"*"+","-"."/"0"1"2"3"4"5"6"7"8"9":";"<"=">"?"@"A"B"C"D"E"F"G"H"I"J"K"L"M"N"O"P"Q"R"S"T"U"V"W"X"Y"Z"["\"]"^"_"`"a"b"c"d"e"f"g"h"i"j"k"l"m"n"o"p"q"r"s"t"u"v"w"x"y"z"{"|"}"~""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""######### # # # # ################### #!#"###$#%#&#'#(#)#*#+#,#-#.#/#0#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8#9#:#;#<#=#>#?#@#A#B#C#D#E#F#G#H#I#J#K#L#M#N#O#P#Q#R#S#T#U#V#W#X#Y#Z#[#\#]#^#_#`#a#b#c#d#e#f#g#h#i#j#k#l#m#n#o#p#q#r#s#t#u#v#w#x#y#z#{#|#}#~##################################################################################################################################$$$$$$$$$ $ $ $ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $!$"$#$$$%$&$'$($)$*$+$,$-$.$/$0$1$2$3$4$5$6$7$8$9$:$;$<$=$>$?$@$A$B$C$D$E$F$G$H$I$J$K$L$M$N$O$P$Q$R$S$T$U$V$W$X$Y$Z$[$\$]$^$_$`$a$b$c$d$e$f$g$h$i$j$k$l$m$n$o$p$q$r$s$t$u$v$w$x$y$z${$|$}$~$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%%%%%%%%% % % % % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %!%"%#%$%%%&%'%(%)%*%+%,%-%.%/%0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%:%;%<%=%>%?%@%A%B%C%D%E%F%G%H%I%J%K%L%M%N%O%P%Q%R%S%T%U%V%W%X%Y%Z%[%\%]%^%_%`%a%b%c%d%e%f%g%h%i%j%k%l%m%n%o%p%q%r%s%t%u%v%w%x%y%z%{%|%}%~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&&&&&&&&& & & & & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &!&"&#&$&%&&&'&(&)&*&+&,&-&.&/&0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&:&;&<&=&>&?&@&A&B&C&D&E&F&G&H&I&J&K&L&M&N&O&P&Q&R&S&T&U&V&W&X&Y&Z&[&\&]&^&_&`&a&b&c&d&e&f&g&h&i&j&k&l&m&n&o&p&q&r&s&t&u&v&w&x&y&z&{&|&}&~&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&''''''''' ' ' ' ' ''''''''''''''''''' '!'"'#'$'%'&'''(')'*'+','-'.'/'0'1'2'3'4'5'6'7'8'9':';'<'='>'?'@'A'B'C'D'E'F'G'H'I'J'K'L'M'N'O'P'Q'R'S'T'U'V'W'X'Y'Z'['\']'^'_'`'a'b'c'd'e'f'g'h'i'j'k'l'm'n'o'p'q'r's't'u'v'w'x'y'z'{'|'}'~''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''((((((((( ( ( ( ( ((((((((((((((((((( (!("(#($(%(&('((()(*(+(,(-(.(/(0(1(2(3(4(5(6(7(8(9(:(;(<(=(>(?(@(A(B(C(D(E(F(G(H(I(J(K(L(M(N(O(P(Q(R(S(T(U(V(W(X(Y(Z([(\(](^(_(`(a(b(c(d(e(f(g(h(i(j(k(l(m(n(o(p(q(r(s(t(u(v(w(x(y(z({(|(}(~(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((())))))))) ) ) ) ) ))))))))))))))))))) )!)")#)$)%)&)')()))*)+),)-).)/)0)1)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9):);)<)=)>)?)@)A)B)C)D)E)F)G)H)I)J)K)L)M)N)O)P)Q)R)S)T)U)V)W)X)Y)Z)[)\)])^)_)`)a)b)c)d)e)f)g)h)i)j)k)l)m)n)o)p)q)r)s)t)u)v)w)x)y)z){)|)})~))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))********* * * * * ******************* *!*"*#*$*%*&*'*(*)***+*,*-*.*/*0*1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9*:*;*<*=*>*?*@*A*B*C*D*E*F*G*H*I*J*K*L*M*N*O*P*Q*R*S*T*U*V*W*X*Y*Z*[*\*]*^*_*`*a*b*c*d*e*f*g*h*i*j*k*l*m*n*o*p*q*r*s*t*u*v*w*x*y*z*{*|*}*~**********************************************************************************************************************************+++++++++ + + + + +++++++++++++++++++ +!+"+#+$+%+&+'+(+)+*+++,+-+.+/+0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+:+;+<+=+>+?+@+A+B+C+D+E+F+G+H+I+J+K+L+M+N+O+P+Q+R+S+T+U+V+W+X+Y+Z+[+\+]+^+_+`+a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z+{+|+}+~++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++,,,,,,,,, , , , , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,!,",#,$,%,&,',(,),*,+,,,-,.,/,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,:,;,<,=,>,?,@,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z,[,\,],^,_,`,a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,{,|,},~,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,--------- - - - - ------------------- -!-"-#-$-%-&-'-(-)-*-+-,---.-/-0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-:-;-<-=->-?-@-A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z-[-\-]-^-_-`-a-b-c-d-e-f-g-h-i-j-k-l-m-n-o-p-q-r-s-t-u-v-w-x-y-z-{-|-}-~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------......... . . . . ................... .!.".#.$.%.&.'.(.).*.+.,.-.../.0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.:.;.<.=.>.?.@.A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.I.J.K.L.M.N.O.P.Q.R.S.T.U.V.W.X.Y.Z.[.\.].^._.`.a.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.i.j.k.l.m.n.o.p.q.r.s.t.u.v.w.x.y.z.{.|.}.~..................................................................................................................................///////// / / / / /////////////////// /!/"/#/$/%/&/'/(/)/*/+/,/-/.///0/1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/:/;//?/@/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/[/\/]/^/_/`/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/{/|/}/~//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////000000000 0 0 0 0 0000000000000000000 0!0"0#0$0%0&0'0(0)0*0+0,0-0.0/000102030405060708090:0;0<0=0>0?0@0A0B0C0D0E0F0G0H0I0J0K0L0M0N0O0P0Q0R0S0T0U0V0W0X0Y0Z0[0\0]0^0_0`0a0b0c0d0e0f0g0h0i0j0k0l0m0n0o0p0q0r0s0t0u0v0w0x0y0z0{0|0}0~0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000111111111 1 1 1 1 1111111111111111111 1!1"1#1$1%1&1'1(1)1*1+1,1-1.1/101112131415161718191:1;1<1=1>1?1@1A1B1C1D1E1F1G1H1I1J1K1L1M1N1O1P1Q1R1S1T1U1V1W1X1Y1Z1[1\1]1^1_1`1a1b1c1d1e1f1g1h1i1j1k1l1m1n1o1p1q1r1s1t1u1v1w1x1y1z1{1|1}1~1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222 2 2 2 2 2222222222222222222 2!2"2#2$2%2&2'2(2)2*2+2,2-2.2/202122232425262728292:2;2<2=2>2?2@2A2B2C2D2E2F2G2H2I2J2K2L2M2N2O2P2Q2R2S2T2U2V2W2X2Y2Z2[2\2]2^2_2`2a2b2c2d2e2f2g2h2i2j2k2l2m2n2o2p2q2r2s2t2u2v2w2x2y2z2{2|2}2~2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222333333333 3 3 3 3 3333333333333333333 3!3"3#3$3%3&3'3(3)3*3+3,3-3.3/303132333435363738393:3;3<3=3>3?3@3A3B3C3D3E3F3G3H3I3J3K3L3M3N3O3P3Q3R3S3T3U3V3W3X3Y3Z3[3\3]3^3_3`3a3b3c3d3e3f3g3h3i3j3k3l3m3n3o3p3q3r3s3t3u3v3w3x3y3z3{3|3}3~3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333444444444 4 4 4 4 4444444444444444444 4!4"4#4$4%4&4'4(4)4*4+4,4-4.4/404142434445464748494:4;4<4=4>4?4@4A4B4C4D4E4F4G4H4I4J4K4L4M4N4O4P4Q4R4S4T4U4V4W4X4Y4Z4[4\4]4^4_4`4a4b4c4d4e4f4g4h4i4j4k4l4m4n4o4p4q4r4s4t4u4v4w4x4y4z4{4|4}4~4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444555555555 5 5 5 5 5555555555555555555 5!5"5#5$5%5&5'5(5)5*5+5,5-5.5/505152535455565758595:5;5<5=5>5?5@5A5B5C5D5E5F5G5H5I5J5K5L5M5N5O5P5Q5R5S5T5U5V5W5X5Y5Z5[5\5]5^5_5`5a5b5c5d5e5f5g5h5i5j5k5l5m5n5o5p5q5r5s5t5u5v5w5x5y5z5{5|5}5~5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555666666666 6 6 6 6 6666666666666666666 6!6"6#6$6%6&6'6(6)6*6+6,6-6.6/606162636465666768696:6;6<6=6>6?6@6A6B6C6D6E6F6G6H6I6J6K6L6M6N6O6P6Q6R6S6T6U6V6W6X6Y6Z6[6\6]6^6_6`6a6b6c6d6e6f6g6h6i6j6k6l6m6n6o6p6q6r6s6t6u6v6w6x6y6z6{6|6}6~66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666667qstuvwxyz{|}77777777 7 7 7 7 7777777777777777777 7!7"7#7$7%7&7'7(7)7*7+7,7-7.7/707172737475767778797:7;7<7=7>7?7@7A7B7C7D7E7F7G7H7I7J7K7L7M7N7O7P7Q7R7S7T7U7V7W7X7Y7Z7[7\7]7^7_7`7a7b7c7d7e7f7g7h7i7j7k7l7m7n7o7p7q7r7s7t7u7v7w7x7y7z7{7|7}7~7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777888888888 8 8 8 8 8888888888888888888 8!8"8#8$8%8&8'8(8)8*8+8,8-8.8/808182838485868788898:8;8<8=8>8?8@8A8B8C8D8E8F8G8H8I8J8K8L8M8N8O8P8Q8R8S8T8U8V8W8X8Y8Z8[8\8]8^8_8`8a8b8c8d8e8f8g8h8i8j8k8l8m8n8o8p8q8r8s8t8u8v8w8x8y8z8{8|8}8~8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888999999999 9 9 9 9 9999999999999999999 9!9"9#9$9%9&9'9(9)9*9+9,9-9.9/909192939495969798999:9;9<9=9>9?9@9A9B9C9D9E9F9G9H9I9J9K9L9M9N9O9P9Q9R9S9T9U9V9W9X9Y9Z9[9\9]9^9_9`9a9b9c9d9e9f9g9h9i9j9k9l9m9n9o9p9q9r9s9t9u9v9w9x9y9z9{9|9}9~9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999::::::::: : : : : ::::::::::::::::::: :!:":#:$:%:&:':(:):*:+:,:-:.:/:0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8:9:::;:<:=:>:?:@:A:B:C:D:E:F:G:H:I:J:K:L:M:N:O:P:Q:R:S:T:U:V:W:X:Y:Z:[:\:]:^:_:`:a:b:c:d:e:f:g:h:i:j:k:l:m:n:o:p:q:r:s:t:u:v:w:x:y:z:{:|:}:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;; ; ; ; ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;!;";#;$;%;&;';(;);*;+;,;-;.;/;0;1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9;:;;;<;=;>;?;@;A;B;C;D;E;F;G;H;I;J;K;L;M;N;O;P;Q;R;S;T;U;V;W;X;Y;Z;[;\;];^;_;`;a;b;c;d;e;f;g;h;i;j;k;l;m;n;o;p;q;r;s;t;u;v;w;x;y;z;{;|;};~;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <!<"<#<$<%<&<'<(<)<*<+<,<-<.</<0<1<2<3<4<5<6<7<8<9<:<;<<<=<><?<@<A<B<C<D<E<F<G<H<I<J<K<L<M<N<O<P<Q<R<S<T<U<V<W<X<Y<Z<[<\<]<^<_<`<a<b<c<d<e<f<g<h<i<j<WPC@w ~  (! .! ?! E! l|B"XXXX'3XXXX3' >~"RRh :H R RRKRMR+ `kR"h%(-`146F89%:=z?BDFRGH"(JRzJ?MRMRMR5N:QORIUW74[\_bcRdRTdIeReuh&6k'nq(-rtwM xR_xqz8|F)S| 9/3n^zћb3ܟn^̨x9˯6ʹRRqRõR5J8*b=tM`;QR]N'R$CRRR9M~R/RglHLWPC ( (2  I  .3  InteractingwithRiverForecastCenters....2  1  .3  Section9.0oftheHydrologicProgramManagersCourse( (2  I  .3  InteractingwithRiverForecastCenters..2  A  .3  WFOsneedtounderstandtheoperationsandneedsoftheRFCtobeabletoeffectivelycoordinate..2  A  .3  RFCsmustalsounderstandtheneedsandoperationsoftheWFO") "2  I  .3  ")  "2  I  .3  (  (2  I  .3  WFOResponsibilities..2  A  .3  ProgramManagement-EnsureactivitiesattheWFOareaccomplishedtosupporttheprogram-UnderthedirectionoftheMIC..2  A  .3  DataCollection-IncludesqualitycontroltoensurethattheRFCandotherpartsoftheagencygetgood,highqualitydata..2  A  .3  ProductDissemination-Productsmustbeprovidedtocooperatorsquicklyandefficientlysotheycantakeappropriateactions(  (2  I  .3  RFCResponsibilities..2  A  .3  DataInput-Getsdataintohydrologicmodelsandperformsqualitycontrol..2  A  .3  ModelRuns-Executedhydrologicmodelstosimulatehydrologiccycle..2  A  .3  ModelInterpretation-Basedonhydrologicknowledge,adjustsmodeloutput..2  A  .3  ProductPreparation-PreparesproductsandtransmitstotheWFO..2  A  .3  Modelcalibrationandproceduredevelopment")  "2  I  .3  (U(2  I  .3  DifferencesBetweenRFCsandWFOs..2  A  .3  RFCsmustprovideservicesandforecaststoasmanyas20WFOsandoperatelikeanationalcenter..2  A  .3  MostRFCshaveaoperationsarea..2  A  .3  EachRFCforecasterhasacubicle..2  A  .3  RFCforecastersworkonbothforecastoperationsandproceduredevelopmentprojects..2  A  .3  RFCscontrolalloftheirmodelinputsandthehydrologydefinedintheirmodel"!V "2  I  .3  "!W "2  I  .3  "!Y "2  I  .3  !  2  I  .3  ##2  I  .3  DifferencesBetweenRFCsandWFOs-Contd..2  A  .3  ALLmodelparametersdevelopedbyRFCs..2  A  .3  Ingeneral,onehydrologistisresponsibleforparametersdevelopmentforariversystem..2  A  .3  EachforecastermustbeknowledgableandabletoforecastanyriversystemintheRFCarea..2  A  .3  Dailyassignmentstoforecastariversystemmadebasedonexpertise,etc..2  A  .3  ALLdataqualitycontroldonelocallyattheRFC-nocentralsitetoaccomplishthis..2  A  .3  ModelsarerunlocallyonAWIPS"!X "2  I  .3  (   (2  I  .3  NationalWeatherServiceRiverForecastSystem-NWSRFS..2  A  .3  Developmentstartedinthe1970s..2  A  .3  OriginallyinFortrantorunonamainframe..2  A  .3  PortedtorunonIBMs,thenHps,andAWIPS..2  A  .3  Newercodeincorc++totakeadvantageofhardwareandbeinteractive..2  A  .3  Hydrologictechniquescanbeadded..2  A  .3  Incorporatessoftwaredevelopedinthefield(   (2  I  .3  NWSRFS-Contd..2  A  .3  ExpandedtoincludeStage1,2,and3precipitationprocessing..2  A  .3  Latestadditionsinclude....2  1  .3  XNAVtodisplaydataforareasspatially....2  1  .3  XDATtodisplaytextdataintabularform....2  1  .3  XSETStoprepareRVFsfortransmissiontoWFOs..2  A  .3  Programsandprocedurestocalibratemodelsandprepareextended,long-rangeforecasts")G "2  I  .3  (   (2  I  .3  BasicComponentsofaForecastSystem..2  A  .3  DataEntry-InputdataintoRFCsystem..2  A  .3  Pre-processing-Preparedataforuseinhydrologicmodels..2  A  .3  ForecastModel-Executespartsofthehydrologiccycle..2  A  .3  ForecastPreparation-TakesmodeloutputandformatsintoSHEfFandtransmitsonAWIPS..2  A  .3  DataDisplay/UtilityPrograms-Toassisttheforecasterinviewingdata##2  I  .3  ANoteonRFCModels..2  A  .3  MostRFCsruntheirmodelsona6-hourtimestep..2  A  .3  Basedondataavailabilityandthetimetorespondhydrologically..2  A  .3  Modelsmayberunona1-hourtimestep..2  A  .3  RFCsmovingtorunningmodelsatfinertimeintervalforspecificcaseswherehydrologydemandsit..2  A  .3  Modelsare lumpedmodels##2  I  .3  ANoteonRFCModels-Contd..2  A  .3  Lumpedmodelsassumeparametersanddataarehomogenousoverthebasin..2  A  .3  Basinsize-rangefrom50to500squaremiles..2  A  .3  RFChydrologistappliestheirknowledgeandexperiencetocompensatewhen....2  1  .3  Assumptionsnotmet....2  1  .3  Modelsperformbadly..2  A  .3  RFCHydrologistsapplyhydrologicsciencetothe artofriverforecasting( (2  I  .3  DataEntry..2  A  .3  AboutthesameatRFCsandWFOs..2  A  .3  SHEF-codedmessagesdecodedbystandardSHEFdecoder..2  A  .3  AllSHEF-codeddataaredecodedanddataarestoredintheInformixdatabase..2  A  .3  DatawithanySHEFerrorsarenotprocessedanyfurther..2  A  .3  /awips/hydroapps/shefdecode/logs/product -directoryofSHEFerrors-Thisdirectoryshouldbecheckedforerrors.( (2  I  .3  DataEntry-Contd..2  A  .3  Ifnoentryinthe location table,datamaybe....2  1  .3  Ignored....2  1  .3  Sitelidpostedto unkstn table....2  1  .3  Sitelidanddatapostedto unkstnvalue table....2  1  .3  Actionbasedoncontentsof .Apps_defaults ....2  1  .3  TheseInformixtablesshouldbecheckedsodatanetworkcanbekeptcurrent..2  A  .3  IftheRFCdoesnotknowaboutdata-itisnotused..2  A  .3  DatasenttoothertablesforfurtherprocessingforapplicationssuchasStage1,2,and3andNWSRFS( (2  I  .3  DataEntry-Contd..2  A  .3  Rangechecking....2  1  .3  RangeCheck optionof HydroBase todefine....2  1  .3  OutofRange optionof HydroView tolookaterrors..2  A  .3  DatastoredinpermanenttablesinWHFStables..2  A  .3  TransferredtoNWSRFSforpre-processorsevery10minutes..2  A  .3  Non-SHEFdatamusthavespecificdecoder..2  A  .3  METARdata-programreadsvaluesandthencreatesSHEFmessageforprocessinginSHEFdecoder(  !(2  I  .3  DataEntry-Contd..2  A  .3  LDADDataCollection-AnydatacollectedbythelocalWFOshouldbesenttotheRFCstoaddtotheirdatabase....2  1  .3  DataformattedinSHEFandthensenttoSHEFdecoderforprocessing..2  A  .3  Incorrect/Baddatashouldbecorrected....2  1  .3  Correctedvaluesentwithrevisioncodeset....2  1  .3  Settomissing....2  1  .3  MorecriticalfortheWFOsinceyouwillberunninglocalmodels##2  I  .3  DataEntry-Contd..2  A  .3  Strangerreports-notuseddirectlyinthemodelbuthydrologistsrelyonthemtofillingapsinthenetwork..2  A  .3  Zeroreportscanbeveryvaluablesincemissingdataareestimated(moretocomeonthis)##2  I  .3  DataEntry-Contd..2  A  .3  Datashouldbecorrectedatthesource..2  A  .3  ThisensuresthatallNWSgetscorrecteddatasincedatawillthenbedisseminatedthroughnormalcommunicationslinks..2  A  .3  MeasuredflowstakenbytheUSGSduringafloodareVERYIMPORTANTtotheRFCandshouldberelayedtothemimmediately!#rs#2  I  .3  AQuiz..2  A  .3  Getyourpaperandapencilout!#tu#2  I  .3  AQuiz..2  A  .3  Ifsixpuzzlemakerscancomposeninepuzzlesinadayandahalf,howmanypuzzlemakerswouldittaketocompose270puzzlesin30days?#vw#2  I  .3  TheAnswer..2  A  .3  Ifsixpuzzlemakerscancomposeninepuzzlesinadayandahalf,howmanypuzzlemakerswouldittaketocompose270puzzlesin30days?..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  9-eachpuzzlemakercancomposeonepuzzleaday..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  FromTheMENSAGeniusQUIZ-A-DAYBook(note75%gotthiscorrect)( Ihi(2  I  .3  DataQualityControl..2  A  .3  RFCsmustperformqualitycontrolonALLdatainputintoRFCmodels..2  A  .3  Anyerroneousdatamustbeeithercorrectedorsettomissing..2  A  .3  ThisincludesdatafromDCPs,LARCS,etc(ALLsources)..2  A  .3  Somestagedatanotfromforecastpointsmustbecheckedforqualitycontrol( Jjk(2  I  .3  DataQualityControlTools..2  A  .3  WHFSScreening..2  A  .3  XDAT..2  A  .3  XNAV..2  A  .3  PCPNQC..2  A  .3  ProductofallcorrectionsmadethatdaysortedbyWFO/HSA( Klm(2  I  .3  WHFSScreening..2  A  .3  WHFS Screening-DoneatboththeWFOsystemandtheRFCsystem..2  A  .3  Rangecheckingbasedonthevaluessetin DataIngest andthen RangeCheck optionof WHFSHydroBase ..2  A  .3  Setthesevaluestoarealisticrangeforscreening..2  A  .3  Viewoutofrangevaluesusing HydroView andthe LiveData and OutofRange option##2  I  .3  WHFSScreening-Contd..2  A  .3  Rangesinspecifictables....2  1  .3  Defaultrangecheck-globallimitsforparameters....2  1  .3  Locrangecheck-limitsforparametersby5charidorNWSLI")L "2  I  .3  ##2  I  .3  WHFSScreening-Contd..2  A  .3  Howmanyhaveimplementedthesetoolsandcapabilitiesandutilizethemdaily?( S(2  I  .3  XDAT..2  A  .3  DevelopedbyABRFCandmaintainedbyOH..2  A  .3  Tabulardisplayofdata..2  A  .3  Forecasterscanseewheredatamaynotbeconsistentwithtime..2  A  .3  XDAThascapabilitytocreateSHEFmessagetocorrectthedata")T "2  I  .3  ( Mno(2  I  .3  XNAV..2  A  .3  DevelopedbyABRFCandmaintainedbyOH..2  A  .3  Graphicaldisplaysofdata..2  A  .3  Mapoverlaysofbasins,counties,etcavailable..2  A  .3  OverlaysofWSR-88Destimates..2  A  .3  Comparisonofthetwodatafields..2  A  .3  DatacanbecorrectedusingXDATfeatures")N "2  I  .3  ")O "2  I  .3  ")P "2  I  .3  ( Qpq(2  I  .3  PCPNQC..2  A  .3  PCPNQC-assumesprecipitationdataaremissingandPCPNQCestimatesdatafromsurroundingprecipitationamounts..2  A  .3  Estimateiscomparedwithobservedvalue..2  A  .3  Alertsusertocaseswheretheestimateisdifferentfromtheobservation..2  A  .3  Forecastermustmakeadecisiononusingthedataandsettingittomissingbasedonsituation..2  A  .3  DatacorrectedusingXDAT#xy#2  I  .3  AnotherQuiz..2  A  .3  AtmyfavoritefruitstandinPuzzleland,anorangecosts18cents,apineapplecosts27cents,andagrapecosts15cents.Usingthesamelogic,howmuchdoesamangocost?#z{#2  I  .3  TheAnswer..2  A  .3  AtmyfavoritefruitstandinPuzzleland,anorangecosts18cents,apineapplecosts27cents,andagrapecosts15cents.Usingthesamelogic,howmuchdoesamangocost?..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  Answer-15cents(3centsperletter)..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  FromTheMENSAGeniusQUIZ-A-DAYBook(note73%gotthiscorrect)( "#(2  I  .3  Pre-processors..2  A  .3  Prepareobserveddataforuseinexecutinghydrologicmodelcomputations..2  A  .3  Ensuresthatalldataareavailable..2  A  .3  Minimizestheerrorsthatcausetheforecastprogramto crash..2  A  .3  Ensuresfastturnaroundofforecastruns..2  A  .3  Dependentongooddataforgoodresults( (2  I  .3  Pre-processors-contd..2  A  .3  MAP-compute M ean A real P recipitationfrompointdata..2  A  .3  MAPX-compute M ean A real P recipitationfromgriddedprecipitationdataestimatedfromWSR-88D..2  A  .3  MAPE-compute M ean A real P otential E vapotranspirationfrompointdata..2  A  .3  MAT-compute M ean A real T emperaturefrompointandforecasteddata( (2  I  .3  Pre-processors-Contd..2  A  .3  RRS- R iver/ R eservoir/ S nowtopreparerandomtimeintervaldataintoevenlyspaceddata..2  A  .3  FMAP-PrepareQPSvaluesforinputintoRFCmodels( F uture MAP )( (2  I  .3  MAPPre-processor..2  A  .3  Computesmeanarealprecipitationfrompointdata..2  A  .3  Ingeneral,allprecipitationdataareusedintheMAPanalysis..2  A  .3  Stationsinandaroundabasinareassignedstationweights..2  A  .3  Basinoutlines-lat/longpairs..2  A  .3  Weightstotalto1.0( (2  I  .3  MAPPre-processor-Contd..2  A  .3  Dailyand6-hourprecipitationvaluesareusedtocomputedailyvalues..2  A  .3  6-hourvaluesusedtodistributeMAPforeach6-hourperiod..2  A  .3  Pre-determinedstationweightsbyThiessenorgrid-pointmethods..2  A  .3  Mustberecomputedeachtimeanewstationisaddedoroneisremoved.##2  I  .3  MAPPre-processor-Contd..2  A  .3  Stationweights-somestationsmayhavesignificantweightandbeveryimportanttoMAPcomputations..2  A  .3  RFCscanprovideeachofyoutheweightsforweachbasin")H "2  I  .3  ") "2  I  .3  ( (2  I  .3  MAPPre-processor-Contd..2  A  .3  Allmissingdatamustbeestimatedusing1/d2technique") "2  I  .3  ##2  I  .3  MAPinMountainousAreas..2  A  .3  Precipitationmaybeeithersnoworraindependingontemperatureandfreezinglevel..2  A  .3  MAPareasmaybedividedbyelevation..2  A  .3  Precipitationvariesbyelevation-orographiceffect..2  A  .3  Stationnormalsusedinestimatingmissingdatatoaccountfororographiceffect##2  I  .3  MAPPre-processorProblemswithEstimates..2  A  .3  Estimatesmayworkwellinastratiformrain..2  A  .3  Problemsinaconvectiveenvironment....2  1  .3  Estimateslimitedtothemaximumofsurroundingstationsandpeaksmaybemissed....2  1  .3  Insmall,intenseconvectivestormsduringthesummer,rainfallmaybespreadouttoomuch..2  A  .3  Moresophisticatedproceduresrequiredinmountainousareas##2  I  .3  MAP-QualityControlIssues..2  A  .3  MorerainfallinandnearabasinwillresultinamorerepresentativeestimateofMAP..2  A  .3  Missingdatamustbeestimated-problemsinaconvectiveenvironment..2  A  .3  Timing-hourlyand6-hourprecipitationusedtotime-distributetheMAPinto6-hourvalues-morehourlystations,thebetterthetimedistribution..2  A  .3  BetterMAPswillhelpkeepsoilmoistureinlinewithactualconditions##2  I  .3  MAP-QualityControlIssues-Contd..2  A  .3  Timewhenobservationtakenisimportantespeciallywhenrainoccursaround12Z..2  A  .3  Observersmaycodedatatohaverainfallcountedtwice....2  1  .3  Example-Rainfallsbetween11-12ZonTuesday.ObserverAreadsgageat11Zandreports0.00rainfall;ObserverBreadsthegageat12Zandreports2.00.OnWednesday,Areports2.00inches;Breports0.RFCsmustadjustprecipitationtoaccountforthis.##2  I  .3  MAP-QualityControlIssues-Contd..2  A  .3  Zeroreportsimportant-proceduresalwaysestimatemissingdataandzeroscandelineateareasofrainfall( (2  I  .3  MAPX..2  A  .3  Computesbasinaveragerainfallfrom4kmx4kmgridprecipitationestimatesfromWSR-88DandStage3..2  A  .3  Hourlyobservedprecipitationusedtocomputebiasandadjustestimates..2  A  .3  Hourlybasinaveragesarecomputedbyasimplearithmeticaverageofgridvaluesinthebasin..2  A  .3  Hourlyvaluessummedfordailytotals##2  I  .3  MAPX-Contd..2  A  .3  MaybeusedlikeMAPinforecastmodelruns..2  A  .3  Goodfortimingofrainfallbutmaynotbegoodatamounts..2  A  .3  InherentlimitationsoftheradarshowupinStage3precipitationestimates....2  1  .3  Hailcontamination....2  1  .3  Rangeeffects....2  1  .3  AP! 2  I  .3  ") "2  I  .3  ##2  I  .3  MAPX-QualityControlIssues..2  A  .3  BasedontheinherentweaknessoftheWSR-88Dprecipitationestimates..2  A  .3  Adjustedbasedongroundtruth..2  A  .3  RFCHASforecastersmustadjustprecipitationandremoveAPinStage3processtomakeabetterprecipitationestimate##2  I  .3  MAPXUsage..2  A  .3  ABRFCusesthisastheirprimaryinputandemphasizesqualitycontrolofMAPXdata..2  A  .3  Usedonacase-by-casebasis-basedonanalysisofHASforecasteronwhetherMAPXisbetterthanMAP..2  A  .3  Mosteffectivefor18Z,00Z,and06Zrunswhenlimitedground-truthprecipitationavailable( $%(2  I  .3  MAPE..2  A  .3  Computesmeanarealpotnitalevapotranspirationfrommetdata..2  A  .3  Computedonadailybasis..2  A  .3  Moreconservativethanprecipitationsomanyfewerstationsareused..2  A  .3  AnRFCmayonlyuse60or70sitestocomputeMAPE..2  A  .3  Averagesusedifnodataareavailable( &'(2  I  .3  MAT..2  A  .3  Usesobservedtemperaturesormax/mintocomputearealaveragefromMETAR,SNOTEL,andpossiblyDCPs..2  A  .3  Mustestimatemissingtemperaturesbasedonnormals..2  A  .3  FutureMAT....2  1  .3  Outto5daysinthefutureforasubsetofthesites....2  1  .3  CCFproduct,FMR,andMOSgenerallyinthatorderofpriority(  ()(2  I  .3  RRS..2  A  .3  River/Reservoir/Snowpreprocessorpreparesthesedataforuseinforecastruns..2  A  .3  Forinstantaneousdata,takesrandom(intime)dataandcomputesatimeseriesatprescribedtimeintervals(1-hour,6-hour)..2  A  .3  Formeandatasuchasreservoiroutflows,mayberequiredtocomputemeansforspecifiedtimeperiods( !*+(2  I  .3  RRS-StageData..2  A  .3  Instantaneousstagedataisusedinconjunctionwitharatingcurvetocomputeinstantaneouosdischarge..2  A  .3  Computedinstantaneousdischargenormallyusedtoadjustmodelsimulateddischarges..2  A  .3  Normallycreates1-hourtimeseries..2  A  .3  Datanotcollectedonthehourwillbemovedtotheclosesthour( ",-(2  I  .3  RRS-StageData-Contd..2  A  .3  WithDCPs,datanormallyavailableeveryhour..2  A  .3  Caremustbeexercisedwhen merginghourlyautomateddataandmanuallycollecteddata..2  A  .3  Incaseswheretheriverisrisingrapidly,theWFOneedstodefinetheactualtimedataarecollectedandnot assume1200Zor7AM..2  A  .3  Whenthesedataareshiftedto1200Z(2or3hourslater)theyoverwritecorrectdata##2  I  .3  Stages-QCIssues..2  A  .3  Observationsusedtokeepmodelontrack..2  A  .3  Erroneousgagereadingsmustberesolvedbyhydrologists..2  A  .3  Timingisimportant-especiallywithfastrespondingstreams..2  A  .3  Alldatathatisinerrormustbecorrected( #./(2  I  .3  RRS-ReservoirElevation..2  A  .3  Handledsimilartostages..2  A  .3  Usedinreservoirsimulationstodetermineifreservoirinflowsaregood..2  A  .3  Alsousedtoadjustsimulatedreservoirelevationtocurrentobservationtoensuremodelingdoneproperly( $01(2  I  .3  ReservoirOutflows..2  A  .3  Requiresmeandailyand/orinstantaneousobservations..2  A  .3  Dependsonreservoiroperation..2  A  .3  RRSmust mergemeanvalueswithinstantaneousobservations..2  A  .3  Inmostcases,theRRSmustestimatereservoiroutflowstomakewateravailabletoroutedownstream##2  I  .3  Reservoirs-QCIssues..2  A  .3  ReservoirelevationsusedtoadjustRFCmodeloutput..2  A  .3  Dischargesmusthavevalidtimeofobservationandduration( %23(2  I  .3  FMAP..2  A  .3  Usedtopreparebasin-averageQPFforinclusioninRFCmodelruns..2  A  .3  Doesnotcreatebasin-averageQPF..2  A  .3  MoreonQPFlater( &45(2  I  .3  Pre-ProcessorRuns..2  A  .3  RFCsnormallyrunMAPandRRSpre-processorsevery10minutes..2  A  .3  EnsuresthatRFCmodelrunshaveup-to-the-minutedata..2  A  .3  Modelrunsmayonlybemissingdatareceivedinthelast10minutes#|}#2  I  .3  YetAnotherQuiz..2  A  .3  Whatarethreesingledigitswhosesumisthesameasthatofthedigitsmultiplied?#~#2  I  .3  YetAnotherAnswer..2  A  .3  Whatarethreesingledigitswhosesumisthesameasthatofthedigitsmultiplied?..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  Answer-1,2,and3..2  A  .3  ..2  A  .3  FromTheMENSAGeniusQUIZ-A-DAYBook(note90%gotthiscorrect)..2  A  .3  ( '67(2  I  .3  NWSRFSForecastExecutionRuns..2  A  .3  Madeafterallpre-processorshavebeenrun..2  A  .3  Mayberunin....2  1  .3  batch(background)....2  1  .3  interactivelyusingtheInteractiveForecastProgram(IFP)..2  A  .3  Itisinthisstepwhereportionsofthehydrologiccyclearesimulated( (89(2  I  .3  TypicalForecastExecution..2  A  .3  Snowmodelusedtomodelthesnowpackandsimulatemeltofpack..2  A  .3  SoilMoistureAccountingtocomputerunoffdepth..2  A  .3  UnitHydrographtoconvertrunoffdepthtoflowatbasinoutlet..2  A  .3  Ratingcurveusedtoconvertobservedstagestoflows##2  I  .3  TypicalForecastExecution-Contd..2  A  .3  Observedflowsareusedtoadjustsimulatedflowsandproducebestestimateofdischargeinboththepastandfuture..2  A  .3  Ratingcurveusedtoconvertbestestimatetoforecast##2  I  .3  SnowModel..2  A  .3  Modelsthesnowpackusingenergyandmassbalance..2  A  .3  Basedonamountofsnowwaterequivalentandtemperatures(pastandfuture),predictstheamountofsnowmeltexpected..2  A  .3  Inputincludesnowwaterequivalentandtemperatures(energy)tomeltthesnow..2  A  .3  OutputissnowmeltdepthsimilartoMAPandassumedtobeoverentirebasin( ):;(2  I  .3  SoilMoistureAccounting..2  A  .3  MAPisprimaryinput..2  A  .3  OutputfromSnowmodelusedtoincludewaterfrommeltingsnow..2  A  .3  SnowmeltandMAP addedtogether..2  A  .3  SacramentoSoilMoistureAccounting(SACSMA)....2  1  .3  Dividessoilinto2zonesandtrackssoilmositure....2  1  .3  17parametersusedtodefineflow....2  1  .3  Goodforlong-termmodelingandwaterbalance..2  A  .3  ##2  I  .3  SoilMoistureAccounting-Contd..2  A  .3  AntecedentPrecipitationIndex(API)....2  1  .3  Relationshipbetweensoilmoistureindex,timeofyear,anddurationofrainfall....2  1  .3  Event-based..2  A  .3  Bothmodelsrequireseveralyearsofdatatocalibrate( *<=(2  I  .3  OfficesandSoilMoistureAccounting..2  A  .3  SACSMA-ABRFC,CBRFC,LMRFC,MBRFC,NWRFC,SERFC,WGRFC..2  A  .3  API-MARFC,NCRFC(convertingtoSACSMAby05),NERFC(convertingtoSACSMA),OHRFC(butsomebasinswithSACSMA)( +>?(2  I  .3  UnitHydrograph..2  A  .3  Convertsrunoffdepthfromsoilmoistureaccountingtodischargeatbasinoutlet..2  A  .3  Determinedbyobserveddataortrial-and-errorduringmodelcalibration..2  A  .3  Assumesrunoffevenlydistributedintimeandspace..2  A  .3  AssumptionsoftennotmetandRFChydrologistsmustadjustforecastsbecauseofthis..2  A  .3  Distributionofrunoffcouldsignificantlyalterforecastedhydrograph( ,@A(2  I  .3  RatingCurvesandBlends..2  A  .3  Ratingcurveusedtoconvertobservedstagetoflow..2  A  .3  Blendisusedtoadjustsimulatedflowswithobservedflowstodeterminebestestimateofbothpastandfuturedischarge..2  A  .3  Ratingcurvethenusedtoconvertbestestimateofdischargetobestforecastedstage( -BC(2  I  .3  IFPRuns..2  A  .3  Simulatesthedefinedpartsofthehydrologiccycle..2  A  .3  Hydrographdisplayedincludes....2  1  .3  Pastdataincludesobserveddischarge(fromratingcurve),simulateddischarge,andbestestimate(normallyobservationifavailable)....2  1  .3  Futuredataincludessimulateddischargeandbestestimateofdischarge..2  A  .3  DisplayofMAPorMAPXandrunoffdepthfromsoilmoistureaccounting#fg#2  I  .3  IFPRuns-Contd..2  A  .3  RFChydrologistsmaymakechangesinteractively..2  A  .3  Rainfall/runoffchangedquickly..2  A  .3  Stagesandreservoirdatacanbecorrectedorupdatedeasilybytheforecaster"). "2  I  .3  ")/ "2  I  .3  ")0 "2  I  .3  ")1  "2  I  .3  ( 2DE(2  I  .3  ForecastGeneration..2  A  .3  RFCsuseXSETS(SHEFEncodedTimeSeries)toaccessNWSRFSdatabase..2  A  .3  Workproductofforecastedstages/flowsareprepared..2  A  .3  TimingofforecastordinatesdefinedbyRFC..2  A  .3  Canincludeaboveorbelowfloodstage..2  A  .3  RFCscanedittheworkproductusingAWIPSeditorandsendonAWIPS..2  A  .3  XSETSdevelopedbyABRFCandmaintainedbyOH( 3FG(2  I  .3  ForecastGeneration-Contd..2  A  .3  Mayincludedailyandfloodonlyforecastsifneeded..2  A  .3  FloodonlyforecastsgeneratedbasedoncriteriasetbyRFCincoordinationwithWFO..2  A  .3  Routineforecastissuancebasedon12Zdataandmodelruns..2  A  .3  Updatesmadeasneededbyconditions..2  A  .3  SomeRFCsroutinelyupdatefloodforecastsatothersynoptictimes( 4HI(2  I  .3  ForecastGeneration-Contd..2  A  .3  CoordinatewithyourRFCtogetupdateswhenyoufeeltheyareneeded..2  A  .3  YouaretheRFCcustomersandshouldbeinvolvedinthetimingoftheforecastissuanceandupdates..2  A  .3  WFOsshouldreissueforecaststothepublicwhenRFCsmakeupdates##2  I  .3  MakingModelRuns..2  A  .3  WiththeIFP,thehydrologycanbesimulatedquickly,withinminutes..2  A  .3  RFCsmayneedtolookathistoricalrecordsandotherinformationnotintheIFP-crest-cresttables,etc..2  A  .3  Forextremedownstreamlocations,RFCsmayhavetoreworkthehydrologyforalllocationsupstream##2  I  .3  ANewForecastPoint..2  A  .3  RFCsmustsetuppre-processorstopreparedataforanewforecastlocation..2  A  .3  Hydrologymustbedefined-mayrequiresignificanthydrologic/hydraulicdevelopment..2  A  .3  InformationmayberequiredfromtheSH..2  A  .3  Real-timegagingisrequiredformostnewforecastlocations! 2  I  .3  ( 5JK(2  I  .3  HASOperations..2  A  .3  Stage3-processingofWSR-88Dprecipitationestimates..2  A  .3  PrecipitationDataQC..2  A  .3  HydrometeorologicalDiscussion(HMD)..2  A  .3  HydrometeorologicalCoordinationMessage(HCM)..2  A  .3  QuantitativePrecipitationForecast(QPF)..2  A  .3  DailyRainfallSummary(HYD)( 6LM(2  I  .3  Stage3Processing..2  A  .3  RevieweachhourofestimatesfromtheWSR-88D..2  A  .3  RemovesAP..2  A  .3  Correctsbadhourlyprecipitationdata..2  A  .3  MosaicsallradarsintheRFCarea..2  A  .3  UsedinQPFverification")7  "2  I  .3  ( 8NO(2  I  .3  HydrometeorologicalDiscussion(HMD)..2  A  .3  Detailsprecipitationoverpast24hours..2  A  .3  Shortsummaryofmeteorologicalconditions..2  A  .3  DiscussionofQPFoverthenext24hours..2  A  .3  DelineatefloodpotentialovertheRFCarea..2  A  .3  Formatandcontentvariesfromofficetooffice..2  A  .3  Generallyissuedtwicedaily( 9PQ(2  I  .3  HydrometeorologicalCoordinationMessage(HCM)..2  A  .3  Onanas-neededbasis..2  A  .3  TransmitinformationtoWFOswedonotwishtoreleasetothepublic..2  A  .3  Differsfromofficetoofficeinitsuse( :RS(2  I  .3  DailyRainfallMessage(HYD)..2  A  .3  Containsasummaryofdailyprecipitationendingat12Z..2  A  .3  Issuedaround11AMlocaltime..2  A  .3  UsedbyHPCinQPFverification( ;TU(2  I  .3  QuantitativePrecipitationForecasts(QPF)..2  A  .3  NWSmadechangesinthesummerof2000basedonresultsobtainedbynationalteam..2  A  .3  RemovedWFOsfromthedirectinvolvementinQPFpreparationeastofContinentalDivideinAugust,2000..2  A  .3  IntheprocessofmakingchangesfortheareawestoftheContinentalDivide( <VW(2  I  .3  QPF-HPCResponsibilities..2  A  .3  Prepare6-hourQPFoutto72hourseachsynoptictime..2  A  .3  GriddeddatasentoverAWIPStoWFOsandRFCs..2  A  .3  Day1(94Q),Day2(98Q),andDay3(99Q)sentoverAWIPSandprovidedtoexternalusersevery6hoursatsynoptictime..2  A  .3  0-6(91E),6-12(92E),and12-18(93E)QPFsentoverAWIPSandtoexternalusersevery6hours..2  A  .3  Vector-coded-graphicsenttoRFCsevery6hours")  "2  I  .3  ( de(2  I  .3  QPF-RFCResponsibilities..2  A  .3  MakeadjustmentsinQPFbasedonlocalknowledge(roleWFOusedtoplay)usingNMAPorMountainMapper..2  A  .3  PreparebasinaveragesofQPFforinclusioninRFCforecastmodels..2  A  .3  PrepareforecastsusingQPF-numberoftimeperiodsvariesbyoffice..2  A  .3  RFCwillcoordinatewithWFOsbuthavefinalsayinQPFintomodels..2  A  .3  Coordinationbyconferencecalls,HMD,andHCM")R "2  I  .3  ")= "2  I  .3  ")> "2  I  .3  ! 2  I  .3  ( ?XY(2  I  .3  FlashFloodGuidance..2  A  .3  IssuedbyRFCstosupporttheWFOsintheFlashFloodProgram..2  A  .3  ArealFFGgenerallyissuedbycounties..2  A  .3  Countyguidanceisamountofrainbasedoncurrentsoilmoistureconditionstoproduceflashfloodinginaspecifictime..2  A  .3  Issuedfor1-,3-,and6-hours(12-and24-hourvaluesinsomeareas)..2  A  .3  Maybeissuedevery6hours")@  "2  I  .3  ( A\](2  I  .3  GriddedFFG..2  A  .3  Thresh-R-usesdigitalelevationdataand2-yearreturnperiodfloodtocomputegriddedthreshholdrunoffvalue..2  A  .3  Soilmoistureusedtocomputerunoffthreshholdforbasinswhichisconvertedtogrid..2  A  .3  Griddedguidancewillprovidemoredetailedflashfloodvalues( BZ[(2  I  .3  FlashFloodHeadwaterGuidance(FFH)..2  A  .3  Allowsanofficetoissueasite-specificcrestforecastforalocation..2  A  .3  RFCsprovideatableortablesthatrelatesoilmoistureandrainfalltofloodcrest..2  A  .3  SoilmoisturemaybereferencedbyFFGvaluesorcolumnnumbers..2  A  .3  Willbereplacedbysite-specificmodelinWHFS")C  "2  I  .3  ( D^_(2  I  .3  DamBreak..2  A  .3  WFOshaveDamCatalogandsimplifiedDamBreakmodel..2  A  .3  RFCshavetheseplusmoresophisticatedDamBreakmodel..2  A  .3  Whenadambreakoccurs....2  1  .3  WFOstakeimmediateactiontowarnpeopledownstream....2  1  .3  ContacttheRFCstopossiblyrunsimplifiedDamBreakformorespecificanswersontiminganddepthoffloodwaters....2  1  .3  RFCsdeterminehowdambreakaffectsforecastpoints##2  I  .3  WaterSupplyForecasting..2  A  .3  Doneinmountainouswestwherewatervolumesforthesnowmeltseasonareestimatedfromthesnowpack..2  A  .3  NormallycoordinatedwithNaturalResourceConservationService(NRCS)..2  A  .3  Givesvariousprobabilities..2  A  .3  BasedoncurrentsnowpackandhistoricalregressionsorESP(EnsemblePredictionSystemnotExtraSensoryPerception)##2  I  .3  SpringFloodPotentialOutlook..2  A  .3  Issuedalongwithsnowmeltforecasts..2  A  .3  Indicatespotentialforfloodingoveranarea..2  A  .3  Inoutsincludecurrentsoilmoistureconditions,reservoirlevels,and30-dayand90-dayprecipitationoutlooks..2  A  .3  Subjectiveandbasedonforecasterknowledge.##2  I  .3  SupportforSurveyAssessments..2  A  .3  Provideguidanceanddatatosurveyteam..2  A  .3  Responsibilitiessimilartothoseofotheroffices..2  A  .3  Generally,havedataoverawiderarea..2  A  .3  Mayprovideadditionalinformationonworkandcooperationwithcooperators( E`a(2  I  .3  HoursofOperation..2  A  .3  RFCsonnominal16-houroperations..2  A  .3  SRRFCsconductinga1-yeartestonthebenefitsofroutine24-houroperations....2  1  .3  TesttobeconcludedDecember2,2000andresultstabulated....2  1  .3  MayeffectoperationsofallRFCs..2  A  .3  RFCsextendhoursofoperationto24-hoursasconditionswarrant(maybeatthespecificrequestoftheWFO)##2  I  .3  HoursofOperation-Contd..2  A  .3  Staffingadjustedtomeetdemandsandneeds..2  A  .3  Willbring2or3peopleonmidnightstoaddressspecificfloodproblemsifrequired..2  A  .3  Decisionbasedonsoilmoisture,expectedrainfall,WFOrequest,orothercriticalsituations( Fbc(2  I  .3  Coordination..2  A  .3  RFCHydrologistvisitstoWFOs..2  A  .3  SHvisitstoRFCs-needtobeatleastoneweekeachyear..2  A  .3  WFOforecastersvisitRFCs! 2  I  .3   N- +D%_rD"YBackground Blank TitleBulleted ListTextOrg ChartData ChartCombinationWPCINEMWS-3'XXXX,,,,5/ @1 Mf ?"""333DDDUUUfffwwwMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3MfMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMff&M3f@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3MfM&f3@MYfs3MfpJ&T0Z4`8f<k@pEzJ̉]٘p槂Ħϰֿfffffffffrffffrffffff9WPCXX81%t 3'XXXXKKKK5139RWPC|XX81%/3'XXXX,,,, ?"""333DDDUUUfffwwwMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMffM&f3@MYfs3MfMMff3Mf&M3f@MYfs3MfMf33MMff&M3f@MYfs3Mf̙ٳMMff3MfM&f3@MYfs3MfpJ&T0Z4`8f<k@pEzJ̉]٘p槂Ħϰֿfffffffffrffffrffffff9R"HG.0 .0 W ` ` qd9 Z6Times New Roman Regular +MMW ` ` qd9 Z6Times New Roman Regular